发表机构
S. U. Umarov Physical-Technical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan; Institute of Astrophysics, National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan（塔吉克斯坦国家科学院S.乌马罗夫物理技术研究所; 塔吉克斯坦国家科学院天体物理研究所）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本文梳理苏联科学家在切伦科夫探测、中微子理论与水下/冰内探测技术上的贡献，阐明其与冰立方天文台的多重历史联系，区分思想传承与科学背景。
AI 中文摘要
2026年诺贝尔物理学奖授予弗朗西斯·哈尔岑，以表彰他对冰立方中微子天文台的决定性贡献以及发现天体物理起源的高能中微子。本文考察了苏联在高能中微子天体物理学更广泛历史发展中的贡献。文中区分了四个相互关联的脉络：切伦科夫辐射的物理学及其在宇宙射线中的应用；早期在地下和天然水体中进行大规模中微子探测的提议；大气中微子、宇宙成因中微子和天体物理中微子的理论；以及地下、水下、射电和冰内探测技术的发展。文章表明，M. A. 马尔可夫1960年的提议主要涉及大气中微子，并通过水中切伦科夫辐射探测带电次级粒子，而南极冰的使用最初是在苏联以射电领域开发的。深极地冰中探测器的光学概念由F. 哈尔岑和J. G. 勒尼德于1988年提出。帕米尔宇宙射线学派、G. T. 扎采平、V. A. 库兹明和V. S. 别列津斯基的理论工作、巴克桑中微子天文台、苏联对DUMAND的参与以及贝加尔湖中微子项目的形成均被分别讨论。帕米尔材料作为历史和方法论背景被纳入；这并不意味着从帕米尔装置到冰立方存在直接的实验传承。因此，这些脉络与冰立方的历史联系在性质上有所不同：在某些情况下是概念性和基于引用的，在其他情况下则是方法论或制度性的。这种区分有助于将思想的文献连续性与现代高能中微子天文学出现的更广泛科学背景分离开来。
英文摘要
The 2026 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Francis Halzen @for decisive contributions to the IceCube Neutrino Observatory and the discovery of high-energy neutrinos of astrophysical origin.@ This article examines the Soviet contribution to the broader historical development of high-energy neutrino astrophysics. Four interconnected strands are distinguished: the physics of Cherenkov radiation and its application to cosmic rays; early proposals for large-scale neutrino detection underground and in natural water; the theory of atmospheric, cosmogenic, and astrophysical neutrinos; and the development of underground, underwater, radio, and in-ice detection techniques. The article shows that M. A. Markov s 1960 proposal was concerned primarily with atmospheric neutrinos and with detecting charged secondary particles through Cherenkov radiation in water, whereas the use of Antarctic ice was initially developed in the Soviet Union in the radio domain. The optical concept of a detector in deep polar ice was formulated by F. Halzen and J. G. Learned in 1988. The Pamir cosmic-ray school, the theoretical work of G. T. Zatsepin, V. A. Kuzmin, and V. S. Berezinsky, the Baksan Neutrino Observatory, Soviet participation in DUMAND, and the formation of the Lake Baikal neutrino program are considered separately. The Pamir material is included as historical and methodological context; it does not imply a direct experimental lineage from Pamir installations to IceCube. The historical links of these strands to IceCube are therefore different in character: conceptual and citation-based in some cases, methodological or institutional in others. This distinction helps separate documented continuity of ideas from the broader scientific context in which modern high-energy neutrino astronomy emerged.
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