In commutative invariant theory, a classical result due to Auslander says that if $R = \Bbbk[x_1, \dots, x_n]$ and $G$ is a finite subgroup of $\text{Aut}_{\text{gr}}(R) \cong \text{GL}(n,\Bbbk)$ which contains no reflections, then there is a natural graded isomorphism $R \hspace{1pt} \# \hspace{1pt} G \cong \text{End}_{R^G}(R)$. In this paper, we show that a version of Auslander's Theorem holds if we replace $R$ by an Artin-Schelter regular algebra $A$ of global dimension 2, and $G$ by a finite subgroup of $\text{Aut}_{\text{gr}}(A)$ which contains no quasi-reflections. This extends work of Chan-Kirkman-Walton-Zhang. As part of the proof, we classify all such pairs $(A,G)$, up to conjugation of $G$ by an element of $\text{Aut}_{\text{gr}}(A)$. In all but one case, we also write down explicit presentations for the invariant rings $A^G$, and show that they are isomorphic to factors of AS regular algebras.
We show certain invariants of graded algebras of which all obstructions are Lyndon words and provide some methods to construct Artin-Schelter regular algebras from a closed set of Lyndon words.
We study and classify Artin-Schelter regular algebras of dimension five with two generators under an additional $\mathbb Z^2$-grading by Hilbert driven Gröbner basis computations. All the algebras we obtained are strongly noetherian, Auslander regular, and Cohen-Macaulay. One of the results provides an answer to Fløystad-Vatne's question in the context of $\mathbb Z^2$-grading. Our results also achieve a connection between Lyndon words and Artin-Schelter regular algebras.
Let $\Bbbk$ be a base field of characteristic $p>0$ and let $U$ be the restricted enveloping algebra of a 2-dimensional nonabelian restricted Lie algebra. We classify all inner-faithful $U$-actions on noetherian Koszul Artin-Schelter regular algebras of global dimension up to three.
We identify two Batalin-Vilkovisky algebra structures, one obtained by Kowalzig and Krahmer on the Hochschild cohomology of an Artin-Schelter regular algebra with semisimple Nakayama automorphism and the other obtained by Lambre, Zhou and Zimmermann on the Hochschild cohomology of a Frobenius algebra also with semisimple Nakayama automorphism, provided that these two algebras are Koszul dual to each other.
Let $A$ be a Koszul Artin-Schelter regular algebra, $σ$ a graded automorphism of $A$ and $δ$ a degree-one $σ$-derivation of $A$. We introduce an invariant for $δ$ called the $σ$-divergence of $δ$. We describe the Nakayama automorphism of the graded Ore extension $B=A[z;σ,δ]$ explicitly using the $σ$-divergence of $δ$, and construct a twisted superpotential $\hatω$ for $B$ so that it is a derivation quotient algebra defined by $\hatω$. We also determine all graded Ore extensions of noetherian Artin-Schelter regular algebras of dimension 2 and compute their Nakayama automorphisms.
We study semisimple Hopf algebra actions on Artin-Schelter regular algebras and prove several upper bounds on the degrees of the minimal generators of the invariant subring, and on the degrees of syzygies of modules over the invariant subring. These results are analogues of results for group actions on commutative polynomial rings proved by Noether, Fogarty, Fleischmann, Derksen, Sidman, Chardin, and Symonds.
This is a survey of results that extend notions of the classical invariant theory of linear actions by finite groups on $k[x_1, \dots, x_n]$ to the setting of finite group or Hopf algebra $H$ actions on an Artin-Schelter regular algebra $A$. We investigate when $A^H$ is AS regular, or AS Gorenstein, or a "complete intersection" in a sense that is defined. Directions of related research are explored briefly.
This paper studies the homological determinants and Nakayama automorphisms of not-necessarily-noetherian $m$-Koszul twisted Calabi-Yau or, equivalently, $m$-Koszul Artin-Schelter regular, algebras. Dubois-Violette showed that such an algebra is isomorphic to a derivation quotient algebra D(w,i) for a unique-up-to-scalar-multiples twisted superpotential w in a tensor power of some vector space V. By definition, D(w,i) is the quotient of the tensor algebra TV by the ideal generated by all i-th order left partial derivatives of w. We identify the group of graded algebra automorphisms of D(w,i) wi…
We show that there are exactly three types of Hilbert series of Artin-Schelter regular algebras of dimension five with two generators. One of these cases (the most extreme) may not be realized by an enveloping algebra of a graded Lie algebra. This is a new phenomenon compared to lower dimensions, where all resolution types may be realized by such enveloping algebras.
We compute the Nakayama automorphism of a PBW-deformation of a Koszul Artin-Schelter Gorenstein algebra of finite global dimension, and give a criterion for an augmented PBW-deformation of a Koszul Calabi-Yau algebra to be Calabi-Yau. The relations between the Calabi-Yau property of augmented PBW-deformations and that of non-augmented cases are discussed. The Nakayama automorphisms of PBW-deformations of Koszul Artin-Schelter Gorenstein algebras of global dimensions 2 and 3 are given explicitly. We show that if a PBW-deformation of a graded Calabi-Yau algebra is still Calabi-Yau, then it is de…
We consider algebras that can be realized as PBW deformations of (Artin-Schelter) regular algebras. This is equivalent to the homogenization of the algebra being regular. It is shown that the homogenization, when it is a geometric algebra, contains a component whose points are in 1-1 correspondence with the simple modules of the deformation. We classify all PBW deformations of 2-dimensional regular algebras and give examples of 3-dimensional deformations. Other properties, such as the skew Calabi-Yau property and closure under tensor products, are considered.
Take $A$ to be a regular quadratic algebra of global dimension three. We observe that there are examples of $A$ containing a dimension three regular cubic algebra $C$. If $B$ is another dimension three regular quadratic algebra, also containing $C$ as a subalgebra, then we can form the pushout algebra $D$ of the inclusions $i_1:C\hookrightarrow A$ and $i_2:C\hookrightarrow B$. We show that for a certain class of regular algebras $C\hookrightarrow A,B$, their pushouts $D$ are regular quadratic algebras of global dimension four. Furthermore, some of the point module structures of the dimension t…
Motivated by constructions in the representation theory of finite dimensional algebras we generalize the notion of Artin-Schelter regular algebras of dimension $n$ to algebras and categories to include Auslander algebras and a graded analogue for infinite representation type. A generalized Artin-Schelter regular algebra or a category of dimension $n$ is shown to have common properties with the classical Artin-Schelter regular algebras. In particular, when they admit a duality, then they satisfy Serre duality formulas and the $\Ext$-category of nice sets of simple objects of maximal projective …
A double Ore extension is a natural generalization of the Ore extension. We prove that a connected graded double Ore extension of an Artin-Schelter regular algebra is Artin-Schelter regular. Some other basic properties such as the determinant of the DE-data are studied. Using the double Ore extension, we construct 26 families of Artin-Schelter regular algebras of global dimension four in a sequel paper.
Let $A$ be a Koszul Artin-Schelter regular algebra with Nakayama automorphism $ξ$. We show that the Yoneda Ext-algebra of the skew polynomial algebra $A[z;ξ]$ is a trivial extension of a Frobenius algebra. Then we prove that $A[z;ξ]$ is Calabi-Yau; and hence each Koszul Artin Schelter regular algebra is a subalgebra of a Koszul Calabi-Yau algebra. A superpotential $\hat{w}$ is also constructed so that the Calabi-Yau algebra $A[z;ξ]$ is isomorphic to the derivation quotient of $\hat{w}$. The Calabi-Yau property of a skew polynomial algebra with coefficients in a PBW-deformation of a Koszul Arti…
In this paper, quadratic algebras on which $\tilde{H}_4$, the Heisenberg group of order 64, acts as degree-preserving algebra automorphisms are studied. In particular, we show that if $\mathcal{A}$ is a four-dimensional Artin-Schelter regular quadratic $\tilde{H}_4$-algebra with the degree one part isomorphic to the Schrödinger representation of $\tilde{H}_4$, then $\mathcal{A}$ is (a twist of) a four-dimensional Sklyanin algebra or (a twist of) a quantum Clifford algebra of global dimension 4.
We determine the possible Hilbert functions of graded rank one torsion free modules over three dimensional Artin-Schelter regular algebras. It turns out that, as in the commutative case, they are related to Castelnuovo functions. From this we obtain an intrinsic proof that the space of torsion free rank one modules on a non-commutative projective plane is connected. A different proof of this fact, based on deformation theoretic methods and the known commutative case has recently been given by Nevins and Stafford. For the Weyl algebra it was proved by Wilson.
In this paper, we discuss returning arrows with respect to the Nakayama translation appearing in the quivers of some important algebras when we construct extensions. When constructing twisted trivial extensions for a graded self-injective algebra, we show that the returning arrows appear in the quiver, that the complexity increases by 1 in Koszul cases, and the representation dimension also increases by 1 under certain additional conditions. By applying Koszul duality, for each Koszul Artin-Schelter regular algebra of global dimension l and Gelfand-Kirilov dimension $c$, we construct a family …
We study Artin-Schelter Gorenstein fixed subrings of some Artin-Schelter regular algebras of dimension 2 and 3 under finite group actions, and prove a noncommutative version of the Kac-Watanabe and Gordeev theorem for these algebras.
For any Koszul Artin-Schelter regular algebra A, we consider a version of the universal Hopf algebra aut(A) coacting on A, introduced by Manin. To study the representations (i.e. finite dimensional comodules) of this Hopf algebra, we use the Tannaka-Krein formalism. Specifically, we construct an explicit combinatorial rigid monoidal category U, equipped with a functor M to finite dimensional vector spaces such that aut(A)= coend_U(M). Using this pair (U,M) we show that aut(A) is quasi-hereditary as a coalgebra and in addition is derived equivalent to the representation category of U.
This is a general study of twisted Calabi-Yau algebras that are $\mathbb{N}$-graded and locally finite-dimensional, with the following major results. We prove that a locally finite graded algebra is twisted Calabi-Yau if and only if it is separable modulo its graded radical and satisfies one of several suitable generalizations of the Artin-Schelter regularity property, adapted from the work of Martinez-Villa as well as Minamoto and Mori. We characterize twisted Calabi-Yau algebras of dimension 0 as separable $k$-algebras, and we similarly characterize graded twisted Calabi-Yau algebras of dime…
Let $k$ be a field and $X$ be a set of $n$ elements. We introduce and study a class of quadratic $k$-algebras called \emph{quantum binomial algebras}. Our main result shows that such an algebra $A$ defines a solution of the classical Yang-Baxter equation (YBE), if and only if its Koszul dual $A^{!}$ is Frobenius of dimension $n,$ with a \emph{regular socle} and for each $x,y \in X $ an equality of the type $xyy=αzzt,$ where $α\in k \setminus\{0\},$ and $z,t \in X$ is satisfied in $A$. We prove the equivalence of the notions \emph{a binomial skew polynomial ring} and \emph{a binomial solution o…
We construct several families of Artin-Schelter regular algebras of global dimension four using double Ore extension and then prove that all these algebras are strongly noetherian, Auslander regular, Koszul and Cohen-Macaulay domains. Many regular algebras constructed in the paper are new and are not isomorphic to either a normal extension or an Ore extension of an Artin-Schelter regular algebra of global dimension three.
We introduce a new method to construct 4-dimensional Artin-Schelter regular algebras as normal extensions of (not necessarily noetherian) 3-dimensional ones. The method produces large classes of new 4-dimensional Artin-Schelter regular algebras. When applied to a 3-Calabi-Yau algebra our method produces a flat family of central extensions of it that are 4-Calabi-Yau, and all 4-Calabi-Yau central extensions having the same generating set as the original 3-Calabi-Yau algebra arise in this way. Each normal extension has the same generators as the original 3-dimensional algebra, and its relations …
We show that Artin-Schelter regularity of a $\mathbb{Z}$-graded algebra can be examined by its associated $\mathbb{Z}^r$-graded algebra. We prove that there is exactly one class of four-dimensional Artin-Schelter regular algebras with two generators of degree one in the Jordan case. This class is strongly noetherian, Auslander regular, and Cohen-Macaulay. Their automorphisms and point modules are described.
We study quadratic algebras over a field $\textbf{k}$. We show that an $n$-generated PBW algebra $A$ has finite global dimension and polynomial growth \emph{iff} its Hilbert series is $H_A(z)= 1 /(1-z)^n$. Surprising amount can be said when the algebra $A$ has \emph{quantum binomial relations}, that is the defining relations are nondegenerate square-free binomials $xy-c_{xy}zt$ with non-zero coefficients $c_{xy}\in \textbf{k}$. In this case various good algebraic and homological properties are closely related. The main result shows that for an $n$-generated quantum binomial algebra $A$ the fol…
In this paper we present necessary and sufficient conditions for a graded (trimmed) double Ore extension to be a graded (quasi-commutative) skew PBW extension. Using this fact, we prove that a graded skew PBW extension $A = σ(R)\langle x_1,x_2 \rangle$ of an Artin-Schelter regular algebra $R$ is Artin-Schelter regular. As a consequence, every graded skew PBW extension $A = σ(R)\langle x_1,x_2 \rangle$ of a connected skew Calabi-Yau algebra $R$ of dimension $d$ is skew Calabi-Yau of dimension $d+2$.
Let H be a Hopf algebra with antipode S, and let A be an N-Koszul Artin-Schelter regular algebra. We study connections between the Nakayama automorphism of A and S^2 of H when H coacts on A inner-faithfully. Several applications pertaining to Hopf actions on Artin-Schelter regular algebras are given.
We construct four families of Artin-Schelter regular algebras of global dimension four. Under some generic conditions, this is a complete list of Artin-Schelter regular algebras of global dimension four that are generated by two elements of degree 1. These algebras are also strongly noetherian, Auslander regular and Cohen-Macaulay. One of the main tools is Keller's higher-multiplication theorem on A-infinity Ext-algebras.
We classify reflexive graded right ideals, up to isomorphism and shift, of generic cubic three dimensional Artin-Schelter regular algebras. We also determine the possible Hilbert functions of these ideals. These results are obtained by using similar methods as for quadratic Artin-Schelter algebras. In particular our results apply to the enveloping algebra of the Heisenberg-Lie algebra from which we deduce a classification of right ideals of an invariant ring of the first Weyl algebra.
We study a noncommutative version of the Zariski cancellation problem for some classes of connected graded Artin-Schelter regular algebras of global dimension three.
We characterize the Hilbert functions and minimal resolutions of (critical) Cohen-Macaulay graded right modules of Gelfand-Kirillov dimension two over generic quadratic and cubic three dimensional Artin-Schelter regular algebras.
We study finite dimensional semisimple Hopf algebra actions on noetherian connected graded Artin-Schelter regular algebras, and introduce definitions of the Jacobian, the reflection arrangement and the discriminant in a noncommutative setting.
