We study Hamilton cycles and perfect matchings in a uniform attachment graph. In this random graph, vertices are added sequentially, and when a vertex $t$ is created, it makes $k$ independent and uniform choices from $\{1,\dots,t-1\}$ and attaches itself to these vertices. Improving the results of Frieze, Pérez-Giménez, Prałat and Reiniger (2019), we show that, with probability approaching 1 as $n$ tends to infinity, a uniform attachment graph on $n$ vertices has a perfect matching for $k \ge 5$ and a Hamilton cycle for $k\ge 13$. One of the ingredients in our proofs is the identification of a subset of vertices that is least likely to expand, which provides us with better expansion rates than the existing ones.
In this paper, we study the existence of perfect matchings and Hamiltonian cycles in the preferential attachment model. In this model, vertices are added to the graph one by one, and each time a new vertex is created it establishes a connection with $m$ random vertices selected with probabilities proportional to their current degrees. (Constant $m$ is the only parameter of the model.) We prove that if $m \ge 1{,}260$, then asymptotically almost surely there exists a perfect matching. Moreover, we show that there exists a Hamiltonian cycle asymptotically almost surely, provided that $m \ge 29{,…
A pairing of a graph $G$ is a perfect matching of the complete graph having the same vertex set as $G$. If every pairing of $G$ can be extended to a Hamiltonian cycle of the underlying complete graph using only edges from $G$, then $G$ has the PH-property. A somewhat weaker property is the PMH-property, whereby every perfect matching of $G$ can be extended to a Hamiltonian cycle of $G$. In an attempt to characterise all 4-regular graphs having the PH-property, we answer a question made in 2015 by Alahmadi et al. by showing that the Cartesian product $C_p\square C_q$ of two cycles on $p$ and $q…
A graph $G$ has the Perfect-Matching-Hamiltonian property (PMH-property) if for each one of its perfect matchings, there is another perfect matching of $G$ such that the union of the two perfect matchings yields a Hamiltonian cycle of $G$. The study of graphs that have the PMH-property, initiated in the 1970s by Las Vergnas and Häggkvist, combines three well-studied properties of graphs, namely matchings, Hamiltonicity and edge-colourings. In this work, we study these concepts for cubic graphs in an attempt to characterise those cubic graphs for which every perfect matching corresponds to one …
Let $\{G_i\}$ be the random graph process: starting with an empty graph $G_0$ with $n$ vertices, in every step $i \geq 1$ the graph $G_i$ is formed by taking an edge chosen uniformly at random among the non-existing ones and adding it to the graph $G_{i - 1}$. The classical `hitting-time' result of Ajtai, Komlós, and Szemerédi, and independently Bollobás, states that asymptotically almost surely the graph becomes Hamiltonian as soon as the minimum degree reaches $2$, that is if $δ(G_i) \ge 2$ then $G_i$ is Hamiltonian. We establish a resilience version of this result. In particular, we show th…
A decomposition of a graph is a set of subgraphs whose edges partition those of $G$. The 3-decomposition conjecture posed by Hoffmann-Ostenhof in 2011 states that every connected cubic graph can be decomposed into a spanning tree, a 2-regular subgraph, and a matching. It has been settled for special classes of graphs, one of the first results being for Hamiltonian graphs. In the past two years several new results have been obtained, adding the classes of plane, claw-free, and 3-connected tree-width 3 graphs to the list. In this paper, we regard a natural extension of Hamiltonian graphs: removi…
Given a graph on $n$ vertices and an assignment of colours to the edges, a rainbow Hamilton cycle is a cycle of length $n$ visiting each vertex once and with pairwise different colours on the edges. Similarly (for even $n$) a rainbow perfect matching is a collection of $n/2$ independent edges with pairwise different colours. In this note we show that if we randomly colour the edges of a random geometric graph with sufficiently many colours, then a.a.s. the graph contains a rainbow perfect matching (rainbow Hamilton cycle) if and only if the minimum degree is at least $1$ (respectively, at leas…
It is proven that for any integer $g \ge 0$ and $k \in \{ 0, \ldots, 10 \}$, there exist infinitely many 5-regular graphs of genus $g$ containing a 1-factorisation with exactly $k$ pairs of 1-factors that are perfect, i.e. form a hamiltonian cycle. For $g = 0$, this settles a problem of Kotzig from 1964. Motivated by Kotzig and Labelle's "marriage" operation, we discuss two gluing techniques aimed at producing graphs of high cyclic edge-connectivity. We prove that there exist infinitely many planar 5-connected 5-regular graphs in which every 1-factorisation has zero perfect pairs. On the other…
In 1963, Anton Kotzig conjectured that for each $n \geq 2$ the complete graph $K_{2n}$ has a perfect one-factorisation (i.e., a decomposition into perfect matchings such that each pair of perfect matchings of the decomposition induces a Hamilton cycle). We affirmatively settle the smallest unresolved case for this conjecture.
A perfect matching reciprocity method for embedding multiple hypercubes in an augmented cube: Applications to Hamiltonian decomposition and fault-tolerant Hamiltonicity
Let $ε>0$. We consider the problem of constructing a Hamiltonian graph with $(1+ε)n$ edges in the following controlled random graph process. Starting with the empty graph on $[n]$, at each round a set of $K=K(n)$ edges is presented, chosen uniformly at random from the missing ones (or from the ones that have not been presented yet), and we are asked to choose at most one of them and add it to the current graph. We show that in this process one can build a Hamiltonian graph with at most $(1+ε)n$ edges in $(1+ε)(1+(\log n)/2K) n$ rounds w.h.p. The case $K=1$ implies that w.h.p. one can build a H…
We show that the probability that a random graph $G\sim G(n,p)$ contains no Hamilton cycle is $(1+o(1))Pr(δ(G) < 2)$ for all values of $p = p(n)$. We also prove an analogous result for perfect matchings.
Hamilton paths and cycles in flip graphs of (almost-)perfect matchings
Fakultät für Mathematik und Informatik, Universität Leipzig（莱比锡大学数学与信息学院）；Fakultät Informatik, TU Dresden（德累斯顿工业大学计算机学院）；Fachbereich Informatik, Universität Hamburg（汉堡大学信息系）；Institut für Mathematik, TU Berlin（柏林工业大学数学研究所）；Institut für Mathematik, Universität Kassel（卡塞尔大学数学研究所）；Zentrum für Industriemathematik, Universität Bremen（不来梅大学工业数学中心）
Matching preclusion is a measure of robustness in the event of edge failure in interconnection networks. As a generalization of matching preclusion, the fractional matching preclusion number (FMP number for short) of a graph is the minimum number of edges whose deletion results in a graph that has no fractional perfect matchings, and the fractional strong matching preclusion number (FSMP number for short) of a graph is the minimum number of edges and/or vertices whose deletion leaves a resulting graph with no fractional perfect matchings. A graph $G$ is said to be $f$-fault Hamiltonian if ther…
In this paper we consider the existence of Hamilton cycles and perfect matchings in a random graph model proposed by Krioukov et al.~in 2010. In this model, nodes are chosen randomly inside a disk in the hyperbolic plane and two nodes are connected if they are at most a certain hyperbolic distance from each other. It has been previously shown that this model has various properties associated with complex networks, including a power-law degree distribution, "short distances" and a strictly positive clustering coefficient. The model is specified using three parameters: the number of nodes $n$, w…
In a sequence of four papers, we prove the following results (via a unified approach) for all sufficiently large $n$: (i) [1-factorization conjecture] Suppose that $n$ is even and $D\geq 2\lceil n/4\rceil -1$. Then every $D$-regular graph $G$ on $n$ vertices has a decomposition into perfect matchings. Equivalently, $χ'(G)=D$. (ii) [Hamilton decomposition conjecture] Suppose that $D \ge \lfloor n/2 \rfloor $. Then every $D$-regular graph $G$ on $n$ vertices has a decomposition into Hamilton cycles and at most one perfect matching. (iii) We prove an optimal result on the number of edge-disjoint …
In this paper we strengthen a result due to Li by showing that the third bi-power of a locally finite connected bipartite graph that admits a perfect matching is Hamilton-laceable, i.e. any two vertices from different bipartition classes are endpoints of some common Hamilton arc.
Let $HP_{n,m,k}$ be drawn uniformly from all $k$-uniform, $k$-partite hypergraphs where each part of the partition is a disjoint copy of $[n]$. We let $HP^{(\k)}_{n,m,k}$ be an edge colored version, where we color each edge randomly from one of $\k$ colors. We show that if $\k=n$ and $m=Kn\log n$ where $K$ is sufficiently large then w.h.p. there is a rainbow colored perfect matching. I.e. a perfect matching in which every edge has a different color. We also show that if $n$ is even and $m=Kn\log n$ where $K$ is sufficiently large then w.h.p. there is a rainbow colored Hamilton cycle in $G^{(n)…
For $1\le d\le \ell< k$, we give a new lower bound for the minimum $d$-degree threshold that guarantees a Hamilton $\ell$-cycle in $k$-uniform hypergraphs. When $k\ge 4$ and $d< \ell=k-1$, this bound is larger than the conjectured minimum $d$-degree threshold for perfect matchings and thus disproves a well-known conjecture of Rödl and Ruciński. Our (simple) construction generalizes a construction of Katona and Kierstead and the space barrier for Hamilton cycles.
Let $G$ be a graph of even order and let $K_{G}$ be the complete graph on the same vertex set of $G$. A pairing of a graph $G$ is a perfect matching of the graph $K_{G}$. A graph $G$ has the Pairing-Hamiltonian property (for short, the PH-property) if for each one of its pairings, there exists a perfect matching of $G$ such that the union of the two gives rise to a Hamiltonian cycle of $K_G$. In 2015, Alahmadi \emph{et al.} gave a complete characterisation of the cubic graphs having the PH-property. Most naturally, the next step is to characterise the quartic graphs that have the PH-property. …
In a sequence of four papers, we prove the following results (via a unified approach) for all sufficiently large $n$: (i) [1-factorization conjecture] Suppose that $n$ is even and $D\geq 2\lceil n/4\rceil -1$. Then every $D$-regular graph $G$ on $n$ vertices has a decomposition into perfect matchings. Equivalently, $χ'(G)=D$. (ii) [Hamilton decomposition conjecture] Suppose that $D \ge \lfloor n/2 \rfloor $. Then every $D$-regular graph $G$ on $n$ vertices has a decomposition into Hamilton cycles and at most one perfect matching. (iii) We prove an optimal result on the number of edge-disjoint …
In this paper we prove the following results (via a unified approach) for all sufficiently large $n$: (i) [$1$-factorization conjecture] Suppose that $n$ is even and $D\geq 2\lceil n/4\rceil -1$. Then every $D$-regular graph $G$ on $n$ vertices has a decomposition into perfect matchings. Equivalently, $χ'(G)=D$. (ii) [Hamilton decomposition conjecture] Suppose that $D \ge \lfloor n/2 \rfloor $. Then every $D$-regular graph $G$ on $n$ vertices has a decomposition into Hamilton cycles and at most one perfect matching. (iii) [Optimal packings of Hamilton cycles] Suppose that $G$ is a graph on $n$…
Pósa's theorem states that any graph $G$ whose degree sequence $d_1 \le \ldots \le d_n$ satisfies $d_i \ge i+1$ for all $i < n/2$ has a Hamilton cycle. This degree condition is best possible. We show that a similar result holds for suitable subgraphs $G$ of random graphs, i.e. we prove a `resilience version' of Pósa's theorem: if $pn \ge C \log n$ and the $i$-th vertex degree (ordered increasingly) of $G \subseteq G_{n,p}$ is at least $(i+o(n))p$ for all $i<n/2$, then $G$ has a Hamilton cycle. This is essentially best possible and strengthens a resilience version of Dirac's theorem obtained by…
We conjecture that every oriented graph $G$ on $n$ vertices with $δ^+ (G) , δ^- (G) \geq 5n/12$ contains the square of a Hamilton cycle. We also give a conjectural bound on the minimum semidegree which ensures a perfect packing of transitive triangles in an oriented graph. A link between Ramsey numbers and perfect packings of transitive tournaments is also considered.
In a sequence of four papers, we prove the following results (via a unified approach) for all sufficiently large $n$: (i) [1-factorization conjecture] Suppose that $n$ is even and $D \geq 2\lceil n/4\rceil -1$. Then every $D$-regular graph $G$ on $n$ vertices has a decomposition into perfect matchings. Equivalently, $χ'(G)=D$. (ii) [Hamilton decomposition conjecture] Suppose that $D \ge \lfloor n/2 \rfloor $. Then every $D$-regular graph $G$ on $n$ vertices has a decomposition into Hamilton cycles and at most one perfect matching. (iii) [Optimal packings of Hamilton cycles] Suppose that $G$ is…
The aim of this paper is to extend and generalise some work of Katona on the existence of perfect matchings or Hamilton cycles in graphs subject to certain constraints. The most general form of these constraints is that we are given a family of sets of edges of our graph and are not allowed to use all the edges of any member of this family. We consider two natural ways of expressing constraints of this kind using graphs and using set systems. For the first version we ask for conditions on regular bipartite graphs $G$ and $H$ for there to exist a perfect matching in $G$, no two edges of which f…
For any even integer $k\ge 6$, integer $d$ such that $k/2\le d\le k-1$, and sufficiently large $n\in (k/2)\mathbb N$, we find a tight minimum $d$-degree condition that guarantees the existence of a Hamilton $(k/2)$-cycle in every $k$-uniform hypergraph on $n$ vertices. When $n\in k\mathbb N$, the degree condition coincides with the one for the existence of perfect matchings provided by Rödl, Ruciński and Szemerédi (for $d=k-1$) and Treglown and Zhao (for $d\ge k/2$), and thus our result strengthens theirs in this case.
Near-perfect matchings in highly connected 1-planar graphs with a local crossing constraint
College of Mathematics and Statistics, Hunan Normal University（湖南师范大学数学与统计学院）；College of Mathematics and Statistics, Hunan First Normal University（湖南第一师范学院数学与统计学院）
We study $M$-alternating Hamilton paths and $M$-alternating Hamilton cycles in a simple connected graph $G$ on $ν$ vertices with a perfect matching $M$. Let $G$ be a bipartite graph, we prove that if for any two vertices $x$ and $y$ in different parts of $G$, $d(x)+d(y)\geq ν/2+2$, then $G$ has an $M$-alternating Hamilton cycle. For general graphs, a condition for the existence of an $M$-alternating Hamilton path starting and ending with edges in $M$ is put forward. Then we prove that if $κ(G)\geqν/2$, where $κ(G)$ denotes the connectivity of $G$, then $G$ has an $M$-alternating Hamilton cycle…
We investigate the asymptotic structure of a random perfect graph $P_n$ sampled uniformly from the perfect graphs on vertex set $\{1,\ldots,n\}$. Our approach is based on the result of Prömel and Steger that almost all perfect graphs are generalised split graphs, together with a method to generate such graphs almost uniformly. We show that the distribution of the maximum of the stability number $α(P_n)$ and clique number $ω(P_n)$ is close to a concentrated distribution $L(n)$ which plays an important role in our generation method. We also prove that the probability that $P_n$ contains any give…
A perfect matching of a complete graph $K_{2n}$ is a 1-regular subgraph that contains all the vertices. Two perfect matchings intersect if they share an edge. It is known that if $\mathcal{F}$ is family of intersecting perfect matchings of $K_{2n}$, then $|\mathcal{F}| \leq (2(n-1) - 1)!!$ and if equality holds, then $\mathcal{F} = \mathcal{F}_{ij}$ where $ \mathcal{F}_{ij}$ is the family of all perfect matchings of $K_{2n}$ that contain some fixed edge $ij$. We give a short algebraic proof of this result, resolving a question of Godsil and Meagher. Along the way, we show that if a family $\ma…
We consider a system of qubits coupled via nearest-neighbour interaction governed by the Heisenberg Hamiltonian. We further suppose that all coupling constants are equal to $1$. We are interested in determining which graphs allow for a transfer of quantum state with fidelity equal to $1$. To answer this question, it is enough to consider the action of the Laplacian matrix of the graph in a vector space of suitable dimension. Our main result is that if the underlying graph is a tree with more than two vertices, then perfect state transfer does not happen. We also explore related questions, such…
For odd n, the alternating group on n elements is generated by the permutations that jump an element from any odd position to position 1. We prove Hamiltonicity of the associated directed Cayley graph for all odd n not equal to 5. (A result of Rankin implies that the graph is not Hamiltonian for n=5.) This solves a problem arising in rank modulation schemes for flash memory. Our result disproves a conjecture of Horovitz and Etzion, and proves another conjecture of Yehezkeally and Schwartz.
In this article, we relate the spectrum of the discrete magnetic Laplacian (DML) on a finite simple graph with two structural properties of the graph: the existence of a perfect matching and the existence of a Hamiltonian cycle of the underlying graph. In particular, we give a family of spectral obstructions parametrised by the magnetic potential for the graph to be matchable (i.e., having a perfect matching) or for the existence of a Hamiltonian cycle. We base our analysis on a special case of the spectral preorder introduced in [FCLP20a] and we use the magnetic potential as a spectral contro…
A perfect matching cut is a perfect matching that is also a cutset, or equivalently a perfect matching containing an even number of edges on every cycle. The corresponding algorithmic problem, Perfect Matching Cut, is known to be NP-complete in subcubic bipartite graphs [Le & Telle, TCS '22] but its complexity was open in planar graphs and in cubic graphs. We settle both questions at once by showing that Perfect Matching Cut is NP-complete in 3-connected cubic bipartite planar graphs or Barnette graphs. Prior to our work, among problems whose input is solely an undirected graph, only Distance-…
Ruskey and Savage asked the following question: Does every matching of $Q_{n}$ for $n\geq2$ extend to a Hamiltonian cycle of $Q_{n}$? J. Fink showed that the question is true for every perfect matching, and solved the Kreweras' conjecture. In this paper we consider the question in hypercubes with faulty edges. We show that every matching $M$ of at most $2n-1$ edges can be extended to a Hamiltonian cycle of $Q_{n}$ for $n\geq2$. Moreover, we can prove that when $n\geq4$ and $M$ is nonempty this result still holds even if $Q_{n}$ has at most $n-1-\lceil\frac{|M|}{2}\rceil$ faulty edges with one …
A graph is said to exhibit perfect state transfer (PST) if one of its corresponding Hamiltonian matrices, which are based on the vertex-edge structure of the graph, gives rise to PST in a quantum information-theoretic context, namely with respect to inter-qubit interactions of a quantum system. We perform various perturbations to the hypercube graph---a graph that is known to exhibit PST---to create graphs that maintain many of the same properties of the hypercube, including PST as well as the distance for which PST occurs. We show that the sensitivity with respect to readout time errors remai…
We prove a conjecture of Penrose about the standard random geometric graph process, in which n vertices are placed at random on the unit square and edges are sequentially added in increasing order of lengths taken in the l_p norm. We show that the first edge that makes the random geometric graph Hamiltonian is a.a.s. exactly the same one that gives 2-connectivity. We also extend this result to arbitrary connectivity, by proving that the first edge in the process that creates a k-connected graph coincides a.a.s. with the first edge that causes the graph to contain k/2 pairwise edge-disjoint Ham…
We derive improved upper bounds on the number of crossing-free straight-edge spanning cycles (also known as Hamiltonian tours and simple polygonizations) that can be embedded over any specific set of $N$ points in the plane. More specifically, we bound the ratio between the number of spanning cycles (or perfect matchings) that can be embedded over a point set and the number of triangulations that can be embedded over it. The respective bounds are $O(1.8181^N)$ for cycles and $O(1.1067^N)$ for matchings. These imply a new upper bound of $O(54.543^N)$ on the number of crossing-free straight-edge…
In this article, we consider a spin-spin interaction network governed by $XX + YY$ Hamiltonian. The vertices and edges of the network represent the spin objects and their interactions, respectively. We take a privilege to switch on or off any interaction, that assists us to perform multiple perfect state transfers in a graph simultaneously. We also build up a salable network allowing quantum communication between two arbitrary vertices. Later we utilize the combinatorial characteristics of hypercube graphs to propose a static routing schema to communicate simultaneously between a set of sender…
