arXiv 1906.036432019-06-09astro-ph.HE

引力波探测中的天体物理观测量简介

An introduction to astrophysical observables in gravitational wave detections

Maurizio Spurio

备注：: This document contains (in a self-consistent way) most of the arguments included in Chapter 13 of the book: M. Spurio. Probes of Multimessenger Astrophysics: Charged cosmic rays, neutrinos, $γ$-rays and gravitational waves. Springer (2018). DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96854-4

摘要：

我们对宇宙的认识和理解主要基于对波长范围很广的电磁辐射的观测。只是在过去的二十年里，新型探测器才被开发出来，利用了其他形式的宇宙探测器：能量超过GeV的单个光子、带电粒子和反粒子、中微子，最后是引力波。这些新的“望远镜”带来了意想不到的突破。2016年和2017年见证了天体物理学和宇宙学的曙光与引力波，获得了2017年诺贝尔奖。事件GW 150914（第一个黑洞-黑洞合并）和GW 170817（两颗中子星的合并，产生一个短暂的伽马射线暴，并被所有大陆和太空中的70多个天文台观测到）代表了每个物理学家（高级或正在形成）应该欣赏的科学里程碑。在本文中，在对GW的产生和传播进行了可访问的讨论之后，使用牛顿物理学、量纲分析和与电磁波的类比来讨论GW 150914和GW 170817的可观测量（应变、GW频率$ν_{gw}$和$\dot ν_{gw}$）的关键特征。目的是展示天体物理量（合并物体的初始和最终质量，能量损失，距离，它们的自旋）是如何从观测值中导出的。从完全广义相对论分析发表在两个发现论文的结果进行了比较，我们简单的处理输出。然后，一些GW观测的结果进行了讨论的多信使天体物理学。

英文摘要：

Our knowledge and understanding of the Universe is mainly based on observations of the electromagnetic radiation in a wide range of wavelengths. Only during the past two decades, new kinds of detectors have been developed, exploiting other forms of cosmic probes: individual photons with energy above the GeV, charged particles and antiparticles, neutrinos and, finally, gravitational waves. These new ``telescopes'' leaded to unexpected breakthroughs. Years 2016 and 2017 have seen the dawn of the astrophysics and cosmology with gravitational waves, awarded with the 2017 Nobel Prize. The events GW150914 (the first black hole-black hole merger) and GW170817 (the coalescence of two neutron stars, producing a short gamma-ray burst and follow-up observed by more than 70 observatories on all continents and in space) represent really milestones in science that every physicist (senior or in formation) should appreciate. In this document, after an accessible discussion on the generation and propagation of GWs, the key features of observable quantities (the strain, the GW frequency $ν_{gw}$, and $\dot ν_{gw}$) of GW150914 and GW170817 are discussed using Newtonian physics, dimensional analysis and analogies with electromagnetic waves. The objective is to show how astrophysical quantities (the initial and final masses of merging objects, the energy loss, the distance, their spin) are derived from observables. The results from the fully general-relativistic analysis published in the two discovery papers are compared with the output of our simple treatment. Then, some of the outcomes of GW observations are discussed in terms of multimessenger astrophysics.

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