The Net Exchange Formulation (NEF) is an alternative to the usual radiative transfer equation. It was proposed in 1967 by Green [1] for atmospheric sciences and by Hottel [2] for engineering sciences. Until now, the NEF has been used only in a very few cases for atmospheric studies. Recently we have developped a longwave radiative code based on this formulation for a GCM of the Mars planet. Here, we will present results for the Earth atmosphere, obtained with a Monte Carlo Method based on the NEF. In this method, fluxes are not addressed any more. The basic variables are the net exchange rates (NER) between each pair of atmospheric layer (i, j), i.e. the radiative power emitted by i and absorbed by j minus the radiative power emitted by j and absorbed by i. The graphical representation of the NER matrix highlights the radiative exchanges that dominate the radiative budget of the atmosphere and allows one to have a very good insight of the radiative exchanges. Results will be presented for clear sky atmospheres with Mid-Latitude Summer and Sub-Arctic Winter temperature profiles, and for the same atmospheres with three different types of clouds. The effect of scattering on longwave radiative exchanges will also be analysed.
A Cloudiness Index for Transiting Exoplanets Based on the Sodium and Potassium Lines: Tentative Evidence for Hotter Atmospheres Being Less Cloudy at Visible Wavelengths
Inspecting Cloudy Substellar Atmospheres with JWST MIRI Synthetic Magnitudes from Spitzer Mid-infrared Spectra
Department of Physics, Graduate Center, City University of New York(纽约市立大学研究生中心物理系);Department of Astronomy, Columbia University(哥伦比亚大学天文学系);Department of Astrophysics, American Museum of Natural History(美国自然历史博物馆天体物理学系);School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin(都柏林三一学院物理学院,都柏林大学);Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western University(韦仕敦大学物理与天文系);Institute for Earth and Space Exploration, Western University(韦仕敦大学地球与太空探索研究所);Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College, City University of New York(纽约市立大学亨特学院物理与天文系)
Hot and cloudy: High temperature clouds in super-Earths and sub-Neptunes
Leiden Observatory(莱顿天文台);SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research(荷兰空间研究所);Tsinghua University(清华大学);Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology(加州理工学院喷气推进实验室)
Cloudy solutions for the clear skies of WASP-80b: 3D cloud feedback on the atmosphere and spectra of a warm Jupiter
Université de la Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange(蔚蓝海岸大学,蔚蓝海岸天文台,法国国家科学研究中心,拉格朗日实验室);Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University(杨振宁研究所与物理与天文学院,上海交通大学);Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern(太空与宜居中心,伯尔尼大学);Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory(约翰斯·霍普金斯大学应用物理实验室);Space Telescope Science Institute(太空望远镜科学研究所);Steward Observatory(斯图尔德天文台);Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin–Madison(天文学系,威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校);Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz(天文学与天体物理学系,加州大学圣克鲁兹分校);Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University(物理与天文学系,约翰斯·霍普金斯大学);California Institute of Technology(加利福尼亚理工学院)
Tsinghua University(清华大学);SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research(荷兰空间研究所);Space Telescope Science Institute(太空望远镜科学研究所);Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen(格罗宁根大学卡普坦天文研究所);Leiden Observatory, Leiden University(莱顿大学莱顿天文台)
Overcast on Osiris: 3D radiative-hydrodynamical simulations of a cloudy hot Jupiter using the parameterised, phase-equilibrium cloud formation code EddySed
Cloudy mornings and clear evenings on a gas giant exoplanet
Johns Hopkins University(约翰斯·霍普金斯大学);University of California, Santa Cruz(加州大学圣克鲁兹分校);Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory(约翰斯·霍普金斯大学应用物理实验室);University of Exeter(埃克塞特大学);University of Oxford(牛津大学);Max Planck Institute for Astronomy(马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所)
Cloudy with a chance of metals: Indications of CO$_2$ in the atmosphere of GJ 1214 b from high-resolution K-band spectroscopy
Georg-August-Universität(哥廷根大学);Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München(慕尼黑大学);Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam(波茨坦莱布尼茨天体物理研究所);Uppsala University(乌普萨拉大学);Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile(智利天主教 Pontificia 大学);Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS(图卢兹大学、法国国家科学研究中心天体物理学与行星学研究所在)
How Does Thermal Scattering Shape the Infrared Spectra of Cloudy Exoplanets? A Theoretical Framework and Consequences for Atmospheric Retrievals in the JWST era
Unveiling non-gray surface of cloudy exoplanets: the influence of wavelength-dependent surface albedo and cloud scattering properties on retrieval solutions
Helium Atmospheres May Hide in Current Exoplanet Analysis Frameworks
Massachusetts Institute of Technology(麻省理工学院);Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology(麻省理工学院卡弗里天体物理与空间研究研究所)
ELemental abundances of Planets and brown dwarfs Imaged around Stars (ELPIS): I. Potential Metal Enrichment of the Exoplanet AF Lep b and a Novel Retrieval Approach for Cloudy Self-luminous Atmospheres
该研究通过新型温度梯度约束反演方法,分析直接成像系外行星 AF Lep b 的大气,发现其金属增丰([Fe/H] > 1.0 dex)并存在硅酸盐云,为行星形成与演化提供新见解。
VLT/CRIRES+ observations of warm Neptune WASP-107 b: Challenges in detecting molecules with ground-based transmission spectroscopy of cooler and cloudy exoplanets
Uppsala University(乌普萨拉大学);Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile(智利天主教 Pontificia 大学);Georg-August-Universität(格奥尔格-奥古斯特大学);Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP)(波茨坦阿诺德·爱因斯坦天体物理研究所 (AIP));Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München(慕尼黑路德维希-马克西米利安大学);Namzitu Astro(Namzitu 天文台)
An Updated Model for Epsilon Eridani b and Prospects for Imaging with the Roman Coronagraph
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology(加州理工学院喷气推进实验室);University of Victoria(维多利亚大学);NRC Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics(加拿大国家研究委员会赫兹伯格天文与天体物理研究所);University of Texas at Austin(德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校);California Institute of Technology(加州理工学院);Cornell University(康奈尔大学);Space Telescope Science Institute(太空望远镜科学研究所)
Cool, Cloudy Nights on an Ultrahot Neptune: A Panchromatic NIRISS/NIRSpec Transmission Spectrum of LTT 9779 b
University of New Mexico(新墨西哥大学);Space Telescope Science Institute(太空望远镜科学研究所);Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory(约翰斯·霍普金斯大学应用物理实验室);University of Kansas(堪萨斯大学);University of Maryland(马里兰大学);Universite Cote d’Azur(蔚蓝海岸大学)
Constraining planetary mass-loss rates by simulating Parker wind profiles with Cloudy
基于帕克风密度和速度分布的系外行星大气模型是追踪行星大气逃逸的光谱观测的常见选择。使用这些模型推断大气特性通常会导致温度和质量损失率之间的简并,从而提供对任一参数的弱约束。我们提出了一个框架,可以部分地解决这种退化的预期热层温度的更严格的约束。我们使用的光电离代码多云内的迭代方案来计算网格的一维帕克风模型的温度结构,包括辐射加热/冷却的影响,以及流体动力学效应(膨胀冷却和热平流)。我们约束的参数空间,通过识别模型是不自洽的,通过比较的模拟温度在他10830 $Å$线形成区域的温度假设在创建模型。我们证明了这一过程的模型的基础上HD 209458 b。通过调查帕克风模型与假设的温度在4000和12000 K之间,和$10^{8}$和$10^{11}$ g s $^{-1}$之间的质量损失率,我们能够排除这个参数空间的很大一部分。此外,我们适合的模型,以前的观测数据,并结合这两个约束,以找到一个首选的热层温度的$T=8200^{+1200}_{-1100}$ K和质量损失率的$\dot{M}=10^{9.84^{+0.24}_{-0.27}}$ g S $^{-1}$假设一个固定的大气成分,没有气体压力限制的恒星风。使用相同的程序,我们限制WASP-69 b,WASP-52 b,HAT-P-11 b,HAT-P-18 b和WASP-107 b的温度和质量损失速率。