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arXiv 2402.19352astro-ph.EP
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使用 Cloudy for Exoplanets 在 WASP-121 b 的高分辨率透射光谱中寻找 NLTE 效应

Searching for NLTE effects in the high-resolution transmission spectrum of WASP-121 b with Cloudy for Exoplanets

M. E. Young, E. F. Spring, J. L. Birkby

AI总结:

该研究用 Cloudy for Exoplanets 构建 WASP-121 b 的 LTE/NLTE 一维大气模型并分析 HARPS 高分辨率透射光谱,发现两类评估指标偏好不同且存在温度—金属丰度简并,因而无法确证 NLTE 效应。

摘要:

超热木星(UHJs)受到其宿主恒星的强烈辐照,预计其大气中会出现非局部热动平衡(NLTE)效应。这类效应的建模计算量很大,但在高分辨率互相关光谱(HRCCS)所探测的低气压条件下,会显著影响谱线的形成。UHJ WASP-121 b 拥有高度膨胀的大气,因此非常适合研究 NLTE 效应对其透射光谱的影响。在此,我们正式介绍 Cloudy for Exoplanets,这是一种基于 Cloudy 的建模代码,并用它生成一维 LTE 和 NLTE 大气模型及光谱,以分析存档的 HARPS WASP-121 b 透射光谱。我们采用两种 HRCCS 方法评估模型:i)Pearson 互相关,以及 ii)一种旨在匹配给定大气物种的平均观测线深的方法。所有模型都给出了对 Fe I 的强探测(7.5<S/N<10.5)。然而,S/N 最高的模型(LTE)与平均线深最佳匹配模型(NLTE)并不一致。我们还发现存在简并:提高 LTE 模型的等温温度和金属丰度,可以产生与温度更低、金属丰度更低的 NLTE 模型相似的平均线深。因此,我们无法对 WASP-121 b 大气中是否存在 NLTE 效应作出结论性判断。相反,我们强调 HRCCS 需要标准化指标,以便对复杂物理模型(例如 NLTE 或三维效应)进行稳健的统计评估;目前这些模型因计算成本过高而无法纳入 HRCCS 大气反演。

英文摘要:

Ultra-hot Jupiters (UHJs) undergo intense irradiation by their host stars and are expected to experience non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) effects in their atmospheres. Such effects are computationally intensive to model but, at the low pressures probed by high-resolution cross-correlation spectroscopy (HRCCS), can significantly impact the formation of spectral lines. The UHJ WASP-121 b exhibits a highly inflated atmosphere, making it ideal for investigating the impact of NLTE effects on its transmission spectrum. Here, we formally introduce Cloudy for Exoplanets, a Cloudy-based modelling code, and use it to generate 1-D LTE and NLTE atmospheric models and spectra to analyse archival HARPS WASP-121 b transmission spectra. We assessed the models using two HRCCS methods: i) Pearson cross-correlation, and ii) a method that aims to match the average observed line depth for given atmospheric species. All models result in strong detections of Fe I ($7.5<S/N<10.5$). However, the highest S/N model (LTE) does not agree with the best-matching model of the average line depth (NLTE). We also find degeneracy, such that increasing the isothermal temperature and metallicity of the LTE models can produce average line depths similar to cooler, less metal rich NLTE models. Thus, we are unable to conclusively remark on the presence of NLTE effects in the atmosphere of WASP-121 b. We instead highlight the need for standardised metrics in HRCCS that enable robust statistical assessment of complex physical models, e.g. NLTE or 3-D effects, that are currently too computationally intensive to include in HRCCS atmospheric retrievals.

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