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arXiv 1601.03050astro-ph.EPphysics.ao-ph
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作为系外行星大气气溶胶成分诊断的光学相位曲线

Optical phase curves as diagnostics for aerosol composition in exoplanetary atmospheres

Maria Oreshenko, Kevin Heng, Brice-Olivier Demory

摘要:

光学相位曲线已成为探测系外行星大气的常用手段之一,但其所蕴含的信息尚未完全阐明。在各种工作的基础上,我们升级了灵活建模系统(FMS),以包括双流,双波段近似散射,并生成可信的,三维结构的辐照大气,以研究气溶胶或冷凝物的辐射效应。在光学,我们对待散射的星光使用广义的比尔定律,允许一个有限的债券的规定。在红外,我们实现了双流解决方案,包括通过红外散射参数散射。我们提出了一套四参数的大气环流模型开普勒-7b,并证明其气候学预计是强大的光学和红外散射的变化。西移和东移的光学和红外相位曲线,分别被证明是强大的模拟结果。假设微米尺寸的颗粒和简化的处理本地亮度,我们进一步表明,光学相位曲线的峰值偏移是敏感的气溶胶或冷凝物的组成。然而,在测量的不确定性,我们不能区分由硅酸盐(顽火辉石或镁橄榄石),铁,铝或氧化钛制成的气溶胶的基础上,与开普勒-7 b的光学相位曲线的测量峰值偏移($41^\circ \pm 12^\circ$)的比较。测量高精度的光学相位曲线将对多云系外行星的大气层提供重要的约束,并减少解释其红外光谱时的简并。

英文摘要:

Optical phase curves have become one of the common probes of exoplanetary atmospheres, but the information they encode has not been fully elucidated. Building on a diverse body of work, we upgrade the Flexible Modeling System (FMS) to include scattering in the two-stream, dual-band approximation and generate plausible, three-dimensional structures of irradiated atmospheres to study the radiative effects of aerosols or condensates. In the optical, we treat the scattering of starlight using a generalisation of Beer's law that allows for a finite Bond albedo to be prescribed. In the infrared, we implement the two-stream solutions and include scattering via an infrared scattering parameter. We present a suite of four-parameter general circulation models for Kepler-7b and demonstrate that its climatology is expected to be robust to variations in optical and infrared scattering. The westward and eastward shifts of the optical and infrared phase curves, respectively, are shown to be robust outcomes of the simulations. Assuming micron-sized particles and a simplified treatment of local brightness, we further show that the peak offset of the optical phase curve is sensitive to the composition of the aerosols or condensates. However, to within the measurement uncertainties, we cannot distinguish between aerosols made of silicates (enstatite or forsterite), iron, corundum or titanium oxide, based on a comparison to the measured peak offset ($41^\circ \pm 12^\circ$) of the optical phase curve of Kepler-7b. Measuring high-precision optical phase curves will provide important constraints on the atmospheres of cloudy exoplanets and reduce degeneracies in interpreting their infrared spectra.

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