Retrieving scattering clouds and disequilibrium chemistry in the atmosphere of HR 8799e
P. Mollière, T. Stolker, S. Lacour, G. P. P. L. Otten, J. Shangguan, B. Charnay, T. Molyarova, M. Nowak, Th. Henning, G. -D. Marleau, D. A. Semenov, E. van Dish… 展开作者
P. Mollière, T. Stolker, S. Lacour, G. P. P. L. Otten, J. Shangguan, B. Charnay, T. Molyarova, M. Nowak, Th. Henning, G. -D. Marleau, D. A. Semenov, E. van Dishoeck, F. Eisenhauer, P. Garcia, R. Garcia Lopez, J. H. Girard, A. Z. Greenbaum, S. Hinkley, P. Kervella, L. Kreidberg, A. -L. Maire, E. Nasedkin, L. Pueyo, I. A. G. Snellen, A. Vigan, J. Wang, P. T. de Zeeuw, A. Zurlo
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Accepted for publication in A&A, 28 pages, 13 figures, updated author list
Clouds are ubiquitous in exoplanet atmospheres and represent a challenge for the model interpretation of their spectra. Complex cloud models are too numerically costly for generating a large number of spectra, while more efficient models may be too strongly simplified. We aim to constrain the atmospheric properties of the directly imaged planet HR 8799e with a free retrieval approach. We use our radiative transfer code petitRADTRANS for generating spectra, which we couple to the PyMultiNest tool. We added the effect of multiple scattering which is important for treating clouds. Two cloud model parameterizations are tested: the first incorporates the mixing and settling of condensates, the second simply parameterizes the functional form of the opacity. In mock retrievals, using an inadequate cloud model may result in atmospheres that are more isothermal and less cloudy than the input. Applying our framework on observations of HR 8799e made with the GPI, SPHERE and GRAVITY, we find a cloudy atmosphere governed by disequilibrium chemistry, confirming previous analyses. We retrieve that ${\rm C/O}=0.60_{-0.08}^{+0.07}$. Other models have not yet produced a well constrained C/O value for this planet. The retrieved C/O values of both cloud models are consistent, while leading to different atmospheric structures: cloudy, or more isothermal and less cloudy. Fitting the observations with the self-consistent Exo-REM model leads to comparable results, while not constraining C/O. With data from the most sensitive instruments, retrieval analyses of directly imaged planets are possible. The inferred C/O ratio of HR 8799e is independent of the cloud model and thus appears to be a robust. This C/O is consistent with stellar, which could indicate that the HR 8799e formed outside the CO$_2$ or CO iceline. As it is the innermost planet of the system, this constraint could apply to all HR 8799 planets.
Implementation of disequilibrium chemistry to spectral retrieval code ARCiS and application to sixteen exoplanet transmission spectra: Indication of disequilibrium chemistry for HD 209458b and WASP-39b
The Effect of 3D Transport-Induced Disequilibrium Carbon Chemistry on the Atmospheric Structure and Phase Curves and Emission Spectra of Hot Jupiter HD 189733b
Evidence for disequilibrium chemistry from vertical mixing in hot Jupiter atmospheres. A comprehensive survey of transiting close-in gas giant exoplanets with warm-Spitzer/IRAC
[摘要]目的。本文利用Spitzer/IRAC在3.6和4.5 μ m波段的红外透射测光技术对49颗气态巨系外行星进行了大规模的大气研究。方法.我们使用自定义管道统一分析了33个过境行星的70个光度光变曲线,该管道实现了像素级去相关。我们利用这一调查来了解红外测光如何跟踪大气化学性质的变化作为行星温度的函数。我们比较我们的测量网格的一维辐射对流平衡向前大气模型,其中包括不平衡化学。我们探索了垂直混合的各种强度(Kzz = 0 - 10^12 cm 2/s)以及两种化学成分(1x和30 x太阳)。结果我们发现,平均而言,斯皮策探测器探测3.6和4.5微米之间的0.5大气尺度高度的差异,这是在7.5西格玛的显着性水平。我们发现,与预期相比,最冷的行星显示出甲烷的缺乏,这也是以前对单个物体的研究所报道的。我们发现,最冷行星的样本排除了1x太阳成分,置信度>3sigma,同时支持低垂直混合(Kzz = 10^8 cm 2/s)。另一方面,我们发现热行星最好用1x太阳金属丰度和高垂直混合(Kzz = 10^12 cm 2/s)的模型来解释。我们解释这是由于CH 4向大气上层的漂移。改变内部温度会改变对深层平衡化学的预期,因此对不平衡化学的预期会更高。我们还发现了一个显着的分散在传输签名的中温带和超热的行星,可能是由于增加了大气的多样性,而不需要调用更高的金属丰度。此外,我们比较斯皮策传输与排…
The Sonora Substellar Atmosphere Models. II. Cholla: A Grid of Cloud-free, Solar Metallicity Models in Chemical Disequilibrium for the JWST Era
系外行星和褐矮星的大气层通常显示出化学不平衡的迹象。在詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜时代,直接成像的系外行星的高分辨率光谱将允许更详细地描述其大气层,并允许系统测试这些大气层中偏离热化学平衡的化学物质的存在。限制这些大气中不平衡化学的存在作为参数的函数,如它们的有效温度和表面重力,将使我们能够更好地约束这些大气的物理学。本文是介绍索诺拉大气网格模型的一系列工作的一部分(Marley et al 2021,Morley et al in prep.)。在本文中,我们提出了一个网格的无云,太阳的金属丰度大气的棕矮星和宽分离的巨行星的关键分子物种,如CH 4,H2O,CO和NH3的不平衡。网格覆盖了Teff~[500 K,1300 K],logg~[3.0,5.5](cgs)和logKzz=2,4和7(cgs)的大气。我们研究了网格内不同参数对大气温度和成分分布的影响。我们讨论了它们对我们的模型大气的近红外颜色的影响,以及使用JWST对CH 4,H2O,CO和NH3的探测能力。我们将我们的模型与现有的MKO和斯皮策观测的棕矮星进行比较,并验证了T矮星大气的不平衡化学的重要性。最后,我们将讨论我们的模型如何帮助约束这些大气的垂直结构和化学成分。
Contrasting C/O ratios in Uranus and Neptune from disequilibrium chemistry: A clue to distinct evolutionary pathways?
Aix-Marseille Université(艾克斯-马赛大学);Southwest Research Institute(西南研究院);Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux(波尔多大学天体物理实验室);Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité(巴黎天文台、巴黎文理研究大学、法国国家科学研究中心、索邦大学、巴黎西岱大学);University of Science and Technology of China(中国科学技术大学);Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies(都柏林高等研究所);Space Science Institute(空间科学研究所)
The atmosphere of K2-18 b: The role of hazes, clouds and photoelectrons
Université Reims Champagne Ardenne(兰斯香槟阿登大学);Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR CNRS 7095(巴黎天体物理研究所);University College London(伦敦大学学院);King’s College London(伦敦国王学院);Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CY Cergy Paris Université, CNRS(巴黎天文台)
Clouds and Chemistry Across the Brown Dwarf T-Y Sequence: Insights from JWST Atmospheric Retrievals
Ludwig Maximilian University(路德维希-马克西米利安大学);University of Bern(伯尔尼大学);ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern(伯尔尼大学ARTORG生物医学工程研究中心);University College London(伦敦大学学院);University of Warwick(华威大学)
University College London(伦敦大学学院);European Space Agency, ESAC(欧洲空间局,欧洲空间天文中心);King’s College London, University of London(伦敦国王学院,伦敦大学);Université Paris Cité and Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, LISA(巴黎西岱大学与巴黎东克雷泰伊大学,法国国家科学研究中心,天体物理和行星实验室)
Nitrogen as a Tracer of Giant Planet Formation. I.: A Universal Deep Adiabatic Profile and Semi-analytical Predictions of Disequilibrium Ammonia Abundances in Warm Exoplanetary Atmospheres
Limb Asymmetries on WASP-39b: A Multi-GCM Comparison of Chemistry, Clouds, and Hazes
University of Chicago(芝加哥大学);Max Planck Institute for Astronomy(马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所);University of Maryland(马里兰大学);Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences(奥地利科学院空间研究所);University of California, Riverside(加州大学河滨分校);Academia Sinica(中央研究院);University of Bern(伯尔尼大学);Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität(慕尼黑大学天文台,物理学院);University of Michigan(密歇根大学);KU Leuven(荷语鲁汶大学)
A parameterised approach to disequilibrium retrievals in the JWST era: Application to NIRCam observations of HD 189733b
University of Oxford(牛津大学);University of California, Riverside(加州大学河滨分校);Institute of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Academia Sinica(中央研究院天文及天文物理研究所);Université Côte d’Azur(蔚蓝海岸大学);Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur(蔚蓝海岸天文台);CNRS(法国国家科学研究中心);Laboratoire Lagrange(拉格朗日实验室);Arizona State University(亚利桑那州立大学)
研究系外行星大气非平衡化学对反演结果的影响,通过生成合成 JWST 观测数据,将传输诱导淬灭纳入反演框架,应用于 HD 189733b 观测,发现淬灭及光化学活跃区域初步证据。
Probing Exoplanetary Chemistry with Ariel: Scientific Priorities and Observational Strategies
Univ. Grenoble Alpes CNRS IPAG(格勒诺布尔阿尔卑斯大学法国国家科学研究中心IPAG实验室);Université Paris Cité and Univ Paris Est Creteil CNRS LISA(巴黎西岱大学和巴黎东 Créteil大学法国国家科学研究中心LISA实验室);SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research(荷兰空间研究所);Leiden Observatory Leiden University(莱顿大学莱顿天文台);Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy University of Amsterdam(阿姆斯特丹大学安东·潘内克天文学研究所);IRAP Université de Toulouse CNRS/UMR 5277 UPS-OMP(图卢兹大学法国国家科学研究中心IRAP研究所);Institute(研究所)
Three-dimensional transport-induced chemistry on temperate sub-Neptune K2-18b, Part II: the combined effects of atmospheric dynamics and chemical reactions
Max Planck Institute for Astronomy(马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所);Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University(北京大学物理学院大气与海洋科学系);Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter(埃克塞特大学环境、科学与经济学院物理与天文系)
Quantifying the differences in transmission and emission spectra for hot irradiated gaseous exoplanet atmospheres: A comparison of 1D and 3D modeling using JWST