Silicon photomultipliers, thanks to their excellent performance, robustness and relatively simple use, are the photon-detectors of choice for many present and future applications. This paper gives an overview of methods to characterise SiPMs. The different SiPM parameters are introduced and generic setups for their determination presented. Finally, ways to extract the parameters from the measurements are discussed and the results shown. If a parameter can be obtained from different measurements, the results are compared and recommendations given, which is considered to be the most reliable. The characterisation of SiPMs, in particular for high light intensities and in high radiation fields, is presently a field of intensive research with many open questions and problems which will be discussed.
Characterisation of the MUSIC ASIC for large-area silicon photomultipliers for gamma-ray astronomy
大面积硅光电倍增器（SiPM）在许多需要覆盖大表面的应用中是期望的。例如，Hamamatsu Photonics与日内瓦大学合作开发了一种大面积SiPM，以装备用于成像大气切伦科夫望远镜的伽马射线相机。作为1 cm $^2$的传感器，本文研究了一种合适的前置放大电路，它可以处理由传感器的大电容引起的长脉冲。由巴塞罗那大学（ICCUB）开发的所谓多用途SiPM集成电路（MUSIC）被研究为潜在的前端ASIC，适合于覆盖伽马射线望远镜的大面积光电探测平面。ASIC提供了一种有趣的零极点消除（PZC），允许处理长SiPM信号，将多达8个输入通道主动求和为单个差分输出，并且与分立解决方案相比，它可以提供降低功耗的解决方案。测量和模拟的MUSIC耦合到两个由滨松开发的SiPM被认为是ASIC响应的特点。低串扰技术的第5代$^{th}$传感器与MUSIC相结合，是伽马射线相机的理想解决方案。
Characterisation of silicon photomultipliers in a dilution refrigerator down to 9.4 mK towards a cryogenic cosmic-ray muon veto system
UKRI STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory（英国研究与创新署STFC卢瑟福阿普尔顿实验室）；Lancaster University（兰卡斯特大学）；University of Oxford（牛津大学）；Royal Holloway University of London（伦敦大学皇家霍洛威学院）；RIKEN（理化学研究所）；University of Liverpool（利物浦大学）
Study of the response and photon-counting resolution of silicon photomultipliers using a generic simulation framework
我们提出了一个通用的框架模拟的硅光电倍增器（SiPMs），使详细的建模的SiPM响应使用基本的SiPM参数和几何形状作为输入。根据指定的SiPM属性，可以确定从基本的表征测量，模拟生成的信号电荷和脉冲形状的任意入射光脉冲分布。模拟已在整个动态范围内验证了滨松S10362-11- 100 C MPPC，并用于研究不同的噪声源，如光串扰和后脉冲的响应曲线和光子计数分辨率的影响。
Study of time and energy resolution of an ultra-compact sampling calorimeter (RADiCAL) module at EM shower maximum over the energy range 25 GeV $\leq$ E $\leq$ 150 GeV
