方法的开发,它使用在黑暗中测量的SiPM的脉冲高度光谱和脉冲光照射,以确定脉冲形状,暗计数率,增益,平均光子数启动盖革放电,即时串扰和后脉冲的概率,以及电子噪声和像素之间和像素内的增益波动。整个脉冲高度谱,包括对应于不同数量的盖革放电的峰之间的背景区域,由单函数描述。作为演示,该模型用于在20°C下,在高于击穿电压2.5 V至8 V的电压下,对面积为15 μm x 15 μm的4382个像素的KETEK SiPM进行测试。的结果进行了比较,其他方法表征SiPM。最后,给出的例子,如何完整的描述的脉冲八光谱可以用来优化SiPM的工作电压,并提出了一种方法,用于现场校准和监测的SiPM,适合于大规模的应用。
英文摘要:
Methods are developed, which use the pulse-height spectra of SiPMs measured in the dark and illuminated by pulsed light, to determine the pulse shape, the dark-count rate, the gain, the average number of photons initiating a Geiger discharge, the probabilities for prompt cross-talk and after-pulses, as well as the electronics noise and the gain fluctuations between and in pixels. The entire pulse-height spectra, including the background regions in-between the peaks corresponding to different number of Geiger discharges, are described by single functions. As a demonstration, the model is used to characterise a KETEK SiPM with 4382 pixels of 15 μm x 15 μm area for voltages between 2.5 and 8 V above the breakdown voltage at 20°C. The results are compared to other methods of characterising SiPMs. Finally, examples are given, how the complete description of the pulse-eight spectra can be used to optimise the operating voltage of SiPMs, and a method for an in-situ calibration and monitoring of SiPMs, suited for large-scale applications, is proposed.
Characterisation of the MUSIC ASIC for large-area silicon photomultipliers for gamma-ray astronomy
大面积硅光电倍增器(SiPM)在许多需要覆盖大表面的应用中是期望的。例如,Hamamatsu Photonics与日内瓦大学合作开发了一种大面积SiPM,以装备用于成像大气切伦科夫望远镜的伽马射线相机。作为1 cm $^2$的传感器,本文研究了一种合适的前置放大电路,它可以处理由传感器的大电容引起的长脉冲。由巴塞罗那大学(ICCUB)开发的所谓多用途SiPM集成电路(MUSIC)被研究为潜在的前端ASIC,适合于覆盖伽马射线望远镜的大面积光电探测平面。ASIC提供了一种有趣的零极点消除(PZC),允许处理长SiPM信号,将多达8个输入通道主动求和为单个差分输出,并且与分立解决方案相比,它可以提供降低功耗的解决方案。测量和模拟的MUSIC耦合到两个由滨松开发的SiPM被认为是ASIC响应的特点。低串扰技术的第5代$^{th}$传感器与MUSIC相结合,是伽马射线相机的理想解决方案。
Characterisation of silicon photomultipliers in a dilution refrigerator down to 9.4 mK towards a cryogenic cosmic-ray muon veto system
UKRI STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory(英国研究与创新署STFC卢瑟福阿普尔顿实验室);Lancaster University(兰卡斯特大学);University of Oxford(牛津大学);Royal Holloway University of London(伦敦大学皇家霍洛威学院);RIKEN(理化学研究所);University of Liverpool(利物浦大学)
Study of the response and photon-counting resolution of silicon photomultipliers using a generic simulation framework
我们提出了一个通用的框架模拟的硅光电倍增器(SiPMs),使详细的建模的SiPM响应使用基本的SiPM参数和几何形状作为输入。根据指定的SiPM属性,可以确定从基本的表征测量,模拟生成的信号电荷和脉冲形状的任意入射光脉冲分布。模拟已在整个动态范围内验证了滨松S10362-11- 100 C MPPC,并用于研究不同的噪声源,如光串扰和后脉冲的响应曲线和光子计数分辨率的影响。