Super-Eddington accretion; flow regimes and conditions in high-z galaxies
Lucio Mayer
备注：
Preprint of the chapter "Super-Eddington accretion; flow regimes and conditions in high-z galaxies", to be published in the review volume "Formation of the First Black Holes", Latif, M. and Schleicher, D. R. G., eds., World Scientific Publishing Company, 2018, pp 195-228 [ see https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/10652 ]
我们回顾和讨论的理论研究解决气体吸积到黑洞发生的速度超过爱丁顿限制的可能性。我们的重点是在高红移黑洞种子生长中的应用。首先介绍了超爱丁顿吸积的一般概念，然后总结了研究这种机制的不同模型和数值模拟。我们认为光学厚流在吸积盘以及在球对称信封，并特别注意广泛采用的模型的基础上SLIM盘解决方案。虽然SLIM磁盘解决方案的吸引力，其简单性，是由最新一代的三维辐射（磁）流体动力学模拟，其中辐射损失可以是一个数量级更高的挑战，和辐射传输的机制是更复杂的比直平流，因为它发生在一个复杂的湍流制度。然后，我们讨论了气体供应率的次pc尺度吸积盘或信封从更大的尺度，重温气体流入率在各种条件下的原星系。我们的结论是，在致密的气体核的高Z星系的超爱丁顿吸积制度，如高光学深度和高气体供应率从大尺度的发病所需的条件，应该自然满足。根据吸积盘中超临界流的辐射磁流体动力学模拟结果，来自生长中的BH种子的反馈不应显著改变这种条件。此外，基于所需的核气体流入率和恒星反馈的趋势，以有效地消除气体在低质量的晕，我们认为，超临界吸积将更容易实现相对较大的晕，维里质量$M_{\rm vir} > 10^{10}$ M $_{\odot}$，这变得更常见的$z < 15$。
英文摘要：
We review and discuss theoretical studies addressing the possibility of gas accretion onto black holes occurring at rates exceeding the Eddington limit. Our focus is on the applications to the growth of black hole seeds at high redshift. We first present the general notion of Super-Eddington accretion, and then summarize the different models and numerical simulations developed to study such regime. We consider optically thick flows in accretion disks as well as in spherically symmetric envelopes, and devote particular attention to the widely adopted model based on the SLIM disk solution. While attractive for its simplicity, the SLIM disk solution is challenged by the latest generation of three-dimensional radiation (magneto)-hydrodynamical simulations, in which radiative losses can be an order of magnitude higher, and the mechanisms of radiation transport is more complex than straight advection as it takes place in a complex turbulent regime. We then discuss the gas supply rate to the sub-pc scale accretion disk or envelope from larger scales, revisiting gas inflow rates in protogalaxies under various conditions. We conclude that in the dense gaseous nuclei of high-z galaxies the conditions necessary for the onset of Super Eddington accretion regimes, such as a high optical depth and high gas supply rates from large scales, should be naturally met. Feedback from the growing BH seed should not alter significantly such conditions according to the results of radiation magneto-hydrodynamical simulations of super-critical flows in accretion disks. Furthermore, based on the required nuclear gas inflow rates and the tendency of stellar feedback to remove efficiently gas in low mass halos, we argue that super-critical accretion will be more easily achieved in relatively sizable halos, with virial masses $M_{\rm vir} > 10^{10}$ M$_{\odot}$, which become more common at $z < 15$.
A novel sub-grid model for super-Eddington accretion of spinning black holes in galaxy-scale simulations
ETH Zürich（苏黎世联邦理工学院）；University of Oxford（牛津大学）；University of Zurich（苏黎世大学）；University of Geneva（日内瓦大学）；Università degli Studi dell’Insubria（因斯布鲁克大学）；Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München（慕尼黑大学）
X-ray reverberation is a powerful technique which maps out the structure of the inner regions of accretion disks around black holes using the echoes of the coronal emission reflected by the disk. While the theory of X-ray reverberation has been developed almost exclusively for standard thin disks, recently reverberation lags have been observed from likely super-Eddington accretion sources such as the jetted tidal disruption event Swift J1644+57. In this paper, we extend X-ray reverberation studies into the super-Eddington accretion regime, focusing on investigating the lags in the Fe Kα line r…
By performing three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations of a galaxy in an isolated dark matter halo, we follow the evolution of the spin parameter $a$ of a black hole (BH) undergoing super-Eddington phases throughout its growth. This regime, suspected to be accompanied by powerful jet outflows, is expected to decrease the BH spin magnitude. We combine super-Eddington accretion with sub-Eddington phases (quasar and radio modes) and follow the BH spin evolution. Due to the low frequency of super-Eddington episodes, relativistic jets in this regime are not able to decrease the magnitude of the…
X-ray fluorescence from super-Eddington accreting black holes
X射线混响已被证明是一种强有力的工具，能够探测致密物体周围吸积盘的最内部区域。目前的理论研究通常假设圆盘在几何上是薄的，光学上是厚的，并且以开普勒速度运行。因此，这些模型不能适用于系统的超爱丁顿吸积发生，因为薄盘近似失败，在这种吸积制度。此外，国家的最先进的数值模拟表明，光学厚风发射的超级爱丁顿吸积盘，从而改变了反射几何显着从薄盘图片。我们进行了理论研究这一主题的重点是铁K $α$荧光线产生的超爱丁顿磁盘，并表明，他们的线轮廓形状的漏斗几何形状和风加速度。我们还系统地比较了Fe线的轮廓从超爱丁顿厚磁盘薄磁盘，并发现前者更蓝移和对称的形状。这些结果与观测到的Fe K $α$线一致，该线来自喷射潮汐破裂事件Swift J1644，在该事件中，恒星碎片形成了瞬态的超爱丁顿吸积盘。因此，仔细分析的Fe K $α$线轮廓可以用来识别系统进行超爱丁顿吸积。
Three-Dimensional General Relativistic Radiation Magnetohydrodynamical Simulation of Super-Eddington Accretion, using a new code HARMRAD with M1 Closure
In the general accretion disk model theory, the accretion disk surrounding an astronomical object comprises fluid rings obeying Keplerian motion. However, we should consider relativistic and rotational effects as we close in toward the center of accretion disk surrounding spinning compact massive objects such as a black hole or a neutron star. In this study, we explore the geometry of the inner portion of the accretion disk in the context of Mukhopadhyay's pseudo Newtonian potential approximation for the full general relativity theory. We found that the shape of the accretion disk "puffs up" o…
We present a systematic X-ray and multiwavelength study of a sample of 47 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) with reverberation-mapping measurements. This sample includes 21 super-Eddington accreting AGNs and 26 sub-Eddington accreting AGNs. Using high-state observations with simultaneous X-ray and UV/optical measurements, we investigate whether super-Eddington accreting AGNs exhibit different accretion disk-corona connections compared to sub-Eddington accreting AGNs. We find tight correlations between the X-ray-to-UV/optical spectral slope parameter ($α_{\rm OX}$) and the monochromatic luminosity …
Existence of relatively cool ($k_B T \lesssim 10~{\rm keV}$) and optically thick ($τ\gtrsim 3$) coronae are inferred above super-Eddington accretion flow such as ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs), GRS 1915+105, and narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1), which contrasts the cases in sub-Eddington accretion flows, which are associated with coronae with $k_B T \sim 100~{\rm keV}$ and $τ\sim 1$. To understand their physical origin, we investigate the emission properties of the corona which is formed by the gas blown off the super-Eddington inner disk by radiation pressure. We assume that the coro…
Tidal disruption events (TDEs) around super massive black holes (SMBHs) are a potential laboratory to study super-Eddington accretion disks and sometimes result in powerful jets or outflows which may shine in the radio and sub millimeter bands. In this work, we model the thermal synchrotron emission of jets from general relativistic radiation magneto-hydrodynamics (GRRMHD) simulations of a BH accretion disk/jet system which assumes the TDE resulted in a magnetized accretion disk around a BH accreting at $\sim 12-25$ times the Eddington accretion rate. Through synthetic observations with the Ne…
We present two general relativistic radiation magnetohydrodynamics (GRRMHD) simulations of magnetically arrested disks (MADs) around non-spinning ($a_*=0$) and spinning ($a_*=0.9$) supermassive black holes (BHs). In each simulation, the mass accretion rate is decreased with time such that we sample Eddington-scaled rates over the range $3 \gtrsim \dot{M}/\dot{M}_{\rm{Edd}}\gtrsim 0.3$. For the non-spinning BH model, the total and radiative efficiencies increase as the accretion rate decreases, varying over the range $η_{\rm{tot}}\sim9-16\%$ and $η_{\rm{rad}}\sim6-12\%$, respectively. This mode…
We perform non-hydrodynamical 2.5D simulations to study the dynamics of material above accretion disk based on the disk radiation pressure acting on dust. We assume a super-accreting underlying disk with the accretion rate of 10 times the Eddington rate with central black hole mass ranging from $10^7$ up to $10^9 M_{\odot}$. Such high accretion rates are characteristic for extreme sources. We show that for high accretors radiatively dust-driving mechanism based on FRADO model always leads to a massive outflow from the disk surface, and the failed wind develops only at larger radii. The outflow…
The role of major mergers in triggering super-Eddington accretion
Dipartimento di Fisica, “Sapienza” Università di Roma（罗马大学物理系）；INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma（罗马天文台）；INFN, Sezione Roma1（罗马第一国家核物理研究所）；Sapienza School for Advanced Studies（萨皮恩扎高等研究学院）；Como Lake Center for Astrophysics, DiSAT, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria（因苏布里亚大学迪萨特科莫湖天体物理学中心）；INFN, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca（米兰比可卡国家核物理研究所）；INAF, Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna（博洛尼亚空间天体物理学与科学天文台）
We present the first systematic broad-band X-ray study of super-Eddington accretion onto SMBHs with simultaneous {\it NuSTAR} and {\it XMM-Newton} or {\it Swift}/XRT observations of a sample of 8 super-Eddington accreting AGN with Eddington ratio $1<λ_{\rm Edd}<426$. We find that the SEAMBHs show a steep primary continuum slope as expected for sources accreting in the super Eddington regime, mostly dominated by relativistic reflection. The Iron K$α$ emission lines of the sources of our sample show relativistic broadening. In addition the equivalent widths of the narrow components of the Iron K…
We investigate the origin of the soft X-ray excess component in Seyfert galaxies observed when their luminosity exceeds 0.1% of the Eddington luminosity ($L_{\mathrm{Edd}}$). The evolution of a dense blob in radiatively inefficient accretion flow (RIAF) is simulated by applying a radiation magnetohydrodynamic code, CANS+R. When the accretion rate onto a $10^7M_{\odot}$ black hole exceeds 10% of the Eddington accretion rate ($\dot M_{\rm Edd}=L_{\rm Edd}/c^2$, where $c$ is the speed of light)}, the dense blob shrinks vertically because of radiative cooling and forms a Thomson thick, relatively …
Rest-frame Optical Spectroscopy of $z \sim 2$ Quasars with Steep Hard X-ray Spectral Shapes: X-ray Selection of Super-Eddington Accretion and Verification
We investigate the Hoyle-Lyttleton accretion of dusty-gas for the case where the central source is the black hole accretion disk. By solving the equation of motion taking into account the radiation force which is attenuated by the dust absorption, we reveal the steady structure of the flow around the central object. We find that the mass accretion rate tends to increase with an increase of the optical thickness of the flow and the gas can accrete even if the disk luminosity exceeds the Eddington luminosity for the dusty-gas, since the radiation force is weakened by the attenuation via the dust…
Super-Eddington accretion is one scenario that may explain the rapid assembly of $\sim 10^9\rm\, M_\odot$ supermassive black holes (BHs) within the first billion year of the Universe. This critical regime is associated with radiatively inefficient accretion and accompanied by powerful outflows in the form of winds and jets. By means of hydrodynamical simulations of BH evolution in an isolated galaxy and its host halo with 12 pc resolution, we investigate how super-Eddington feedback affects the mass growth of the BH. It is shown that super-Eddington feedback efficiently prevents BH growth with…
Numerical general relativistic radiative magnetohydrodynamic simulations of accretion disks around a stellar mass black hole with a luminosity above 0.5 of the Eddington value reveal their stratified, elevated vertical structure. We refer to these thermally stable numerical solutions as puffy disks. Above a dense and geometrically thin core of dimensionless thickness $h/r \sim 0.1$, crudely resembling a classic thin accretion disk, a puffed-up, geometrically thick layer of lower density and $h/r \sim 1.0$ is formed. We discuss the observational properties of puffy disks, in particular the geom…
In this paper, we study scenarios of the super-Eddington accretion onto black holes at high redshifts $z > 10$, which are expected to be seeds to evolve to supermassive black holes until redshift $z \sim 7$. For an initial mass, $M_{\rm BH, ini} \lesssim 2 \times 10^{3} M_{\odot}$ of a seed BH, we definitely need the super-Eddington accretion, which can be applicable to both astrophysical and primordial origins. Such an accretion disk inevitably emitted high-energy photons which had heated the cosmological plasma of the inter-galactic medium continuously from high redshifts. In this case, the …
Sapienza, Università di Roma（罗马大学）；INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma（意大利国家天体物理研究所罗马天文台）；INFN, Sezione di Roma I（意大利国家核物理研究所罗马第一分部）；University of Zurich（苏黎世大学）；Sapienza School for Advanced Studies（罗马大学高等研究院）；Como Lake Center for Astrophysics, DiSAT, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria（因斯布鲁克大学DiSAT科莫湖天体物理学中心）；INFN, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca（意大利国家核物理研究所米兰比可卡分部）；INAF, Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna（意大利国家天体物理研究所博洛尼亚空间科学与天体物理观测站）
Radiation GRMHD Models of Accretion onto Stellar-Mass Black Holes: II. Super-Eddington Accretion
Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute（计算天体物理学中心，Flatiron研究所）；School of Natural Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study（自然科学学院，高等研究院）；Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University（普林斯顿大学天体物理科学系）；Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia（弗吉尼亚大学天文学系）；Virginia Institute for Theoretical Astronomy, University of Virginia（弗吉尼亚理论天文学研究所，弗吉尼亚大学）；Michigan SPARC, Los Alamos National Laboratory（密歇根SPARC，洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室）；Computational Physics and Methods, Los Alamos National Laboratory（计算物理与方法部门，洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室）
X-ray Outflows and Super-Eddington Accretion in the Ultraluminous X-ray Source Holmberg IX X-1
对X射线连续谱发射和通量变化的研究还没有最终揭示在分布的高亮度端（Lx > 1 e40 erg/s）的超亮X射线源（ULX）的性质。这些都是特别感兴趣的，因为光度需要超级爱丁顿吸积到一个质量约10 Msun的黑洞，或更多的标准吸积到一个中等质量的黑洞。超级爱丁顿吸积模型预测了强烈的外流风，使原子吸收线成为极端ULX性质的关键诊断。为了寻找这样的功能，我们已经进行了长期的，500公里的观测活动Holmberg IX X-1与朱雀。这是迄今为止，对于明亮的孤立ULX，铁K带通中最敏感的数据集，但我们在发射或吸收中没有发现统计上显著的原子特征;任何未检测到的窄特征必须具有小于15-20 eV的等效宽度，置信度为99%。如果观察到的质量流入和流出速率之间的趋势延伸到超爱丁顿区域，这些极限远低于预期的>150 eV的线，并且事实上排除了在各种次爱丁顿黑洞中从盘风观察到的线强度。因此，我们不能通过任何实质性的物质柱来观察Holmberg IX X-1的中心区域，排除了球形超爱丁顿吸积模型。如果Holmberg IX X-1是一个超爱丁顿源，任何相关的外流必须具有各向异性的几何形状。最后，铁元素的缺乏表明这颗伴星不可能产生强风，而霍姆伯格IX X-1必须主要通过罗氏瓣溢出吸积。
