The Faà di Bruno construction, introduced by Cockett and Seely, constructs a comonad $\mathsf{Fa{\grave{a}}}$ whose coalgebras are precisely Cartesian differential categories. In other words, for a Cartesian left additive category $\mathbb{X}$, $\mathsf{Fa{\grave{a}}}(\mathbb{X})$ is the cofree Cartesian differential category over $\mathbb{X}$. Composition in these cofree Cartesian differential categories is based on the Faà di Bruno formula, and corresponds to composition of differential forms. This composition, however, is somewhat complex and difficult to work with. In this paper we provide an alternative construction of cofree Cartesian differential categories inspired by tangent categories. In particular, composition defined here is based on the fact that the chain rule for Cartesian differential categories can be expressed using the tangent functor, which simplifies the formulation of the higher order chain rule.
We generalise the construction of the Lie algebroid of a Lie groupoid so that it can be carried out in any tangent category. First we reconstruct the bijection between left invariant vector fields and source constant tangent vectors based at an identity element for a groupoid in a category equipped with an endofunctor that has a retraction onto the identity functor. Second we use the full structure of a tangent category to construct the algebroid of a groupoid. Finally we show how the classical result concerning the splitting of the tangent bundle of a Lie group can be carried out for any preg…
Following the pattern from linear logic, the coKleisli category of a differential category is a Cartesian differential category. What then is the coEilenberg-Moore category of a differential category? The answer is a tangent category! A key example arises from the opposite of the category of Abelian groups with the free exponential modality. The coEilenberg-Moore category, in this case, is the opposite of the category of commutative rings. That the latter is a tangent category captures a fundamental aspect of both algebraic geometry and Synthetic Differential Geometry. The general result appli…
Tangent categories were introduced by Rosicky as a categorical setting for differential structures in algebra and geometry; in recent work of Cockett, Crutwell and others, they have also been applied to the study of differential structure in computer science. In this paper, we prove that every tangent category admits an embedding into a representable tangent category---one whose tangent structure is given by exponentiating by a free-standing tangent vector, as in, for example, any model of Kock and Lawvere's synthetic differential geometry. The key step in our proof uses a coherence theorem fo…
Differential lambda-categories were introduced by Bucciarelli et al. as models for the simply typed version of the differential lambda-calculus of Ehrhard and Regnier. A differential lambda-category is a cartesian closed differential category of Blute et al. in which the differential operator is compatible with the closed structure. We prove that any differential lambda-category is equipped with a canonical strong commutative monad whose construction resembles that of the tangent bundle in the category of smooth manifolds. Most of the results of this note remain valid in an arbitrary cartesian…
We continue the program of structural differential geometry that begins with the notion of a tangent category, an axiomatization of structural aspects of the tangent functor on the category of smooth manifolds. In classical geometry, having an affine structure on a manifold is equivalent to having a flat torsion-free connection on its tangent bundle. This equivalence allows us to define a category of affine objects associated to a tangent category and we show that the resulting category is also a tangent category, as are several related categories. As a consequence of some of these ideas we al…
At the heart of differential geometry is the construction of the tangent bundle of a manifold. There are various abstractions of this construction, and this paper seeks to compare two of them: Synthetic Differential Geometry (SDG) and Tangent Structures. Tangent structure is defined via giving an underlying category M and a tangent functor T along with a list of natural transformations satisfying a set of axioms, then detailing the behaviour of T in the category End(M). SDG on the other hand is defined through the use of Weil algebras. The aim of this paper is to present a more precise relatio…
A tangent category is a category equipped with an endofunctor that satisfies certain axioms which capture the abstract properties of the tangent bundle functor from classical differential geometry. Cockett and Cruttwell introduced differential bundles in 2017 as an algebraic alternative to vector bundles in an arbitrary tangent category. In this paper, we prove that differential bundles in the category of smooth manifolds are precisely vector bundles. In particular, this means that we can give a characterisation of vector bundles that exhibits them as models of a tangent categorical essentiall…
Tangent categories provide an axiomatic framework for understanding various tangent bundles and differential operations that occur in differential geometry, algebraic geometry, abstract homotopy theory, and computer science. Previous work has shown that one can formulate and prove a wide variety of definitions and results from differential geometry in an arbitrary tangent category, including generalizations of vector fields and their Lie bracket, vector bundles, and connections. In this paper we investigate differential and sector forms in tangent categories. We show that sector forms in any t…
We give negative answers to certain questions on abelian semisimple tensor categories raised by Bruno Kahn and Charles A. Weibel in connection with the preprint of Kahn "On the multiplicities of a motive" (arXiv:math/0610446), now published as Parts I and IV of "Zeta functions and motives", Pure Appl. Math. Q. 5 (2009), no. 1, part 2, 507-570. For the most interesting examples we used Deligne's category Rep(S_t,F) of representations of the "symmetric group S_t with t not an integer" with F any algebraically closed field of characteristic zero. This is an interesting family of tensor categories…
Ehresmann's introduction of differentiable groupoids in the 1950s may be seen as a starting point for two diverging lines of research, many-object Lie theory (the study of Lie algebroids and Lie groupoids) and sketch theory. This thesis uses tangent categories to build a bridge between these two lines of research, providing a structural account of Lie algebroids and the Lie functor. To accomplish this, we develop the theory of involution algebroids, which are a tangent-categorical sketch of Lie algebroids. We show that the category of Lie algebroids is precisely the category of involution alge…
We describe dual notions of tangent bundle for an infinity-topos, each underlying a tangent infinity-category in the sense of Bauer, Burke and the author. One of those notions is Lurie's tangent bundle functor for presentable infinity-categories, and the other is its adjoint. We calculate that adjoint for injective infinity-toposes, where it is given by applying Lurie's tangent bundle on infinity-categories of points.
In category theory, monads, which are monoid objects on endofunctors, play a central role closely related to adjunctions. Monads have been studied mostly in algebraic situations. In this dissertation, we study this concept in some categories of smooth manifolds. Namely, the tangent functor in the category of smooth manifolds is the functor part of a unique monad, which is the main character of this dissertation. After its construction and the study of uniqueness properties in related categories, we study its algebras, which are to this monad what representations are to a group. We give some ex…
This paper describes how to define and work with differential equations in the abstract setting of tangent categories. The key notion is that of a curve object which is, for differential geometry, the structural analogue of a natural number object. A curve object is a preinitial object for dynamical systems; dynamical systems may, in turn, be viewed as determining systems of differential equations. The unique map from the curve object to a dynamical system is a solution of the system, and a dynamical system is said to be complete when for all initial conditions there is a solution. A subtle is…
Given a simply connected manifold M such that its cochain algebra, C^\star(M), is a pure Sullivan dga, this paper considers curved deformations of the algebra C_\star(ΩM) and consider when the category of curved modules over these algebras becomes fully dualizable. For simple manifolds, like products of spheres, we are able to give an explicit criterion for when the resulting category of curved modules is smooth, proper and CY and thus gives rise to a TQFT. We give Floer theoretic interpretations of these theories for projective spaces and their products, which involve defining a Fukaya catego…
Tangent categories are categories equipped with a tangent functor: an endofunctor with certain natural transformations which make it behave like the tangent bundle functor on the category of smooth manifolds. They provide an abstract setting for differential geometry by axiomatizing key aspects of the subject which allow the basic theory of these geometric settings to be captured. Importantly, they have models not only in classical differential geometry and its extensions, but also in algebraic geometry, combinatorics, computer science, and physics. This paper develops the theory of "different…
We define involution algebroids which generalise Lie algebroids to the abstract setting of tangent categories. As a part of this generalisation the Jacobi identity which appears in classical Lie theory is replaced by an identity similar to the Yang-Baxter equation. Every classical Lie algebroid has the structure of an involution algebroid and every involution algebroid in a tangent category admits a Lie bracket on the sections of its underlying bundle. As an illustrative application we take the first steps in developing the homotopy theory of involution algebroids.
Tangent categories provide an axiomatic approach to key structural aspects of differential geometry that exist not only in the classical category of smooth manifolds but also in algebraic geometry, homological algebra, computer science, and combinatorics. Generalizing the notion of (linear) connection on a smooth vector bundle, Cockett and Cruttwell have defined a notion of connection on a differential bundle in an arbitrary tangent category. Herein, we establish equivalent formulations of this notion of connection that reduce the amount of specified structure required. Further, one of our equ…
Topos theory is a category-theoretic axiomatization of set theory. Model categories are a category-theoretical framework for abstract homotopy theory. They are complete and cocomplete categories endowed with three classes of morphisms (called fibrations, cofibrations and equivalences) satisfying certain axioms. Functors from the category of Weil algebras to the category of sets are called Weil spaces by Wolfgang Bertram and form the Weil topos} after Eduardo J. Dubuc. The Weil topos is endowed intrinsically with the Dubuc functor, a functor from a larger category containing Weil algebras to th…
We show that differential calculus (in its usual form, or in the general form of topological differential calculus) can be fully imdedded into a functor category (functors from a small category of anchord tangent algebras to anchored sets). To prepare this approach, we define a new, symmetric, presentation of differential calculus, whose main feature is the central r{ô}le played by the anchor map, which we study in detail. Our aim for developing this theory is twofold: (1) define a setting for calculus over any commutative ring, including finite rings; (2) define a setting that can be generali…
Cartesian differential categories are categories equipped with a differential combinator which axiomatizes the directional derivative. Important models of Cartesian differential categories include classical differential calculus of smooth functions and categorical models of the differential lambda-calculus. However, Cartesian differential categories cannot account for other interesting notions of differentiation such as the calculus of finite differences or the Boolean differential calculus. On the other hand, change action models have been shown to capture these examples as well as more "exot…
