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arXiv 1709.07519astro-ph.EPastro-ph.IM
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将角微分成像和精确偏振测量与SPHERE/IRDIS相结合来表征年轻的巨型系外行星

Combining angular differential imaging and accurate polarimetry with SPHERE/IRDIS to characterize young giant exoplanets

Rob G. van Holstein, Frans Snik, Julien H. Girard, Jozua de Boer, Christian Ginski, Christoph U. Keller, Daphne M. Stam, Jean-Luc Beuzit, David Mouillet, Markus… 展开作者

Rob G. van Holstein, Frans Snik, Julien H. Girard, Jozua de Boer, Christian Ginski, Christoph U. Keller, Daphne M. Stam, Jean-Luc Beuzit, David Mouillet, Markus Kasper, Maud Langlois, Alice Zurlo, Remco J. de Kok, Arthur Vigan

摘要:

年轻的巨大系外行星发出的红外辐射可以被线性偏振到百分之几。这种线性偏振可以追踪:1)大气云和霾层的存在,2)空间结构,例如云带和旋转扁平化,3)自旋轴方向和4)颗粒大小和云顶压力。我们介绍了一种新的高对比度的成像方案,结合角度差分成像(ADI)和精确的近红外偏振来表征自发光的巨型系外行星。我们在VLT/SPHERE-IRDIS上实现了这一技术,并开发了相应的观测策略、偏振校正和数据处理方法。通过结合ADI和偏振测量,我们可以表征行星,可以直接成像具有非常高的信噪比。我们使用IRDIS的光瞳跟踪模式,并结合ADI和主成分分析,以减少斑点噪声。我们利用IRDIS的双光束偏振模式来消除严重限制偏振灵敏度的差分效应(平场误差、差分像差和视宁度),从而进一步抑制斑点噪声。为了纠正仪器的偏振效应,我们应用一个详细的米勒矩阵模型,描述了望远镜和仪器,并具有绝对的偏振精度$\leq0.1\%$。使用这种技术,我们已经观察到HR 8799的行星和(亚恒星)伴星PZ Tel B。不幸的是,我们在第一次分析中没有检测到偏振信号。我们估计初步$1σ$的$\sim1\%$和$\sim0.1\%$的HR 8799和PZ Tel B的行星的线性偏振度的上限。所实现的低于百分之一的灵敏度和准确度表明,我们的技术在通过直接成像偏振测量来表征系外行星方面具有巨大的前景。

英文摘要:

Young giant exoplanets emit infrared radiation that can be linearly polarized up to several percent. This linear polarization can trace: 1) the presence of atmospheric cloud and haze layers, 2) spatial structure, e.g. cloud bands and rotational flattening, 3) the spin axis orientation and 4) particle sizes and cloud top pressure. We introduce a novel high-contrast imaging scheme that combines angular differential imaging (ADI) and accurate near-infrared polarimetry to characterize self-luminous giant exoplanets. We implemented this technique at VLT/SPHERE-IRDIS and developed the corresponding observing strategies, the polarization calibration and the data-reduction approaches. By combining ADI and polarimetry we can characterize planets that can be directly imaged with a very high signal-to-noise ratio. We use the IRDIS pupil-tracking mode and combine ADI and principal component analysis to reduce speckle noise. We take advantage of IRDIS' dual-beam polarimetric mode to eliminate differential effects that severely limit the polarimetric sensitivity (flat-fielding errors, differential aberrations and seeing), and thus further suppress speckle noise. To correct for instrumental polarization effects, we apply a detailed Mueller matrix model that describes the telescope and instrument and that has an absolute polarimetric accuracy $\leq0.1\%$. Using this technique we have observed the planets of HR 8799 and the (sub-stellar) companion PZ Tel B. Unfortunately, we do not detect a polarization signal in a first analysis. We estimate preliminary $1σ$ upper limits on the degree of linear polarization of $\sim1\%$ and $\sim0.1\%$ for the planets of HR 8799 and PZ Tel B, respectively. The achieved sub-percent sensitivity and accuracy show that our technique has great promise for characterizing exoplanets through direct-imaging polarimetry.

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