One of the major challenges of model-free visual tracking problem has been the difficulty originating from the unpredictable and drastic changes in the appearance of objects we target to track. Existing methods tackle this problem by updating the appearance model on-line in order to adapt to the changes in the appearance. Despite the success of these methods however, inaccurate and erroneous updates of the appearance model result in a tracker drift. In this paper, we introduce a novel real-time visual tracking algorithm based on a template selection strategy constructed by deep reinforcement learning methods. The tracking algorithm utilizes this strategy to choose the appropriate template for tracking a given frame. The template selection strategy is self-learned by utilizing a simple policy gradient method on numerous training episodes randomly generated from a tracking benchmark dataset. Our proposed reinforcement learning framework is generally applicable to other confidence map based tracking algorithms. The experiment shows that our tracking algorithm runs in real-time speed of 43 fps and the proposed policy network effectively decides the appropriate template for successful visual tracking.
Visual object tracking was generally tackled by reasoning independently on fast processing algorithms, accurate online adaptation methods, and fusion of trackers. In this paper, we unify such goals by proposing a novel tracking methodology that takes advantage of other visual trackers, offline and online. A compact student model is trained via the marriage of knowledge distillation and reinforcement learning. The first allows to transfer and compress tracking knowledge of other trackers. The second enables the learning of evaluation measures which are then exploited online. After learning, the…
Harbin Institute of Technology（哈尔滨工业大学）；Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH)（胡志明市理工大学（HUTECH））；Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI)（安达卢西亚数据科学与计算智能研究所（DaSCI））；University of Granada（格拉纳达大学）；Iwate Prefectural University（岩手县立大学）
Although numerous recent tracking approaches have made tremendous advances in the last decade, achieving high-performance visual tracking remains a challenge. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end network model to learn reinforced attentional representation for accurate target object discrimination and localization. We utilize a novel hierarchical attentional module with long short-term memory and multi-layer perceptrons to leverage both inter- and intra-frame attention to effectively facilitate visual pattern emphasis. Moreover, we incorporate a contextual attentional correlation filter int…
The George Washington University（乔治华盛顿大学）；University of Central Florida（中佛罗里达大学）；Emory University（埃默里大学）
In this paper, we study a discriminatively trained deep convolutional network for the task of visual tracking. Our tracker utilizes both motion and appearance features that are extracted from a pre-trained dual stream deep convolution network. We show that the features extracted from our dual-stream network can provide rich information about the target and this leads to competitive performance against state of the art tracking methods on a visual tracking benchmark.
School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University（兰卡斯特大学计算与通信学院）
Motion models play a great role in visual tracking applications for predicting the possible locations of objects in the next frame. Unlike target tracking in radar or aerospace domain which considers only points, object tracking in computer vision involves sizes of objects. Constant velocity motion model is the most widely used motion model for visual tracking, however, there is no clear and understandable derivation involving sizes of objects specially for new researchers joining this research field. In this document, we derive the constant velocity motion model that incorporates sizes of obj…
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen（香港中文大学（深圳））；Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data（深圳大数据研究院）
Visual tracking is fragile in some difficult scenarios, for instance, appearance ambiguity and variation, occlusion can easily degrade most of visual trackers to some extent. In this paper, visual tracking is empowered with wireless positioning to achieve high accuracy while maintaining robustness. Fundamentally different from the previous works, this study does not involve any specific wireless positioning algorithms. Instead, we use the confidence region derived from the wireless positioning Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) as the search region of visual trackers. The proposed framework is low-cost an…
How to combine the complementary capabilities of an ensemble of different algorithms has been of central interest in visual object tracking. A significant progress on such a problem has been achieved, but considering short-term tracking scenarios. Instead, long-term tracking settings have been substantially ignored by the solutions. In this paper, we explicitly consider long-term tracking scenarios and provide a framework, named CoCoLoT, that combines the characteristics of complementary visual trackers to achieve enhanced long-term tracking performance. CoCoLoT perceives whether the trackers …
Shenzhen University（深圳大学）；Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School（北京大学深圳研究生院）
Visual tracking is intrinsically a temporal problem. Discriminative Correlation Filters (DCF) have demonstrated excellent performance for high-speed generic visual object tracking. Built upon their seminal work, there has been a plethora of recent improvements relying on convolutional neural network (CNN) pretrained on ImageNet as a feature extractor for visual tracking. However, most of their works relying on ad hoc analysis to design the weights for different layers either using boosting or hedging techniques as an ensemble tracker. In this paper, we go beyond the conventional DCF framework …
Visual face tracking is one of the most important tasks in video surveillance systems. However, due to the variations in pose, scale, expression, and illumination it is considered to be a difficult task. Recent studies show that deep learning methods have a significant potential in object tracking tasks and adaptive feature selection methods can boost their performance. Motivated by these, we propose an end-to-end attentive deep learning based tracker, that is build on top of the state-of-the-art GOTURN tracker, for the task of real-time visual face tracking in video surveillance. Our method o…
The design of more complex and powerful neural network models has significantly advanced the state-of-the-art in visual object tracking. These advances can be attributed to deeper networks, or the introduction of new building blocks, such as transformers. However, in the pursuit of increased tracking performance, runtime is often hindered. Furthermore, efficient tracking architectures have received surprisingly little attention. In this paper, we introduce the Exemplar Transformer, a transformer module utilizing a single instance level attention layer for realtime visual object tracking. E.T.T…
In this paper we address the problem of developing on-line visual tracking algorithms. We present a specialized communication protocol that serves as a bridge between a tracker implementation and utilizing application. It decouples development of algorithms and application, encouraging re-usability. The primary use case is algorithm evaluation where the protocol facilitates more complex evaluation scenarios that are used nowadays thus pushing forward the field of visual tracking. We present a reference implementation of the protocol that makes it easy to use in several popular programming lang…
Politecnico di Milano（米兰理工大学）；Harbin Institute of Technology（哈尔滨工业大学）；University of Guilan（吉兰大学）
Recently, sparse representation based visual tracking methods have attracted increasing attention in the computer vision community. Although achieve superior performance to traditional tracking methods, however, a basic problem has not been answered yet --- that whether the sparsity constrain is really needed for visual tracking? To answer this question, in this paper, we first propose a robust non-sparse representation based tracker and then conduct extensive experiments to compare it against several state-of-the-art sparse representation based trackers. Our experiment results and analysis in…
Shanghai University（上海大学）；JD AI Research（京东人工智能研究院）；Migu Culture & Technology（咪咕文化科技有限公司）
The current deep learning based visual tracking approaches have been very successful by learning the target classification and/or estimation model from a large amount of supervised training data in offline mode. However, most of them can still fail in tracking objects due to some more challenging issues such as dense distractor objects, confusing background, motion blurs, and so on. Inspired by the human "visual tracking" capability which leverages motion cues to distinguish the target from the background, we propose a Two-Stream Residual Convolutional Network (TS-RCN) for visual tracking, whi…
In multi-object tracking applications, model parameter tuning is a prerequisite for reliable performance. In particular, it is difficult to know statistics of false measurements due to various sensing conditions and changes in the field of views. In this paper we are interested in designing a multi-object tracking algorithm that handles unknown false measurement rate. Recently proposed robust multi-Bernoulli filter is employed for clutter estimation while generalized labeled multi-Bernoulli filter is considered for target tracking. Performance evaluation with real videos demonstrates the effec…
Xiamen University（厦门大学）；Tsinghua University（清华大学）；Xiamen University of Technology（厦门理工学院）；Queen’s University Belfast（贝尔法斯特女王大学）
In recent years, deep learning based visual tracking methods have obtained great success owing to the powerful feature representation ability of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Among these methods, classification-based tracking methods exhibit excellent performance while their speeds are heavily limited by the expensive computation for massive proposal feature extraction. In contrast, matching-based tracking methods (such as Siamese networks) possess remarkable speed superiority. However, the absence of online updating renders these methods unadaptable to significant object appearance va…
Robust visual tracking is a challenging computer vision problem, with many real-world applications. Most existing approaches employ hand-crafted appearance features, such as HOG or Color Names. Recently, deep RGB features extracted from convolutional neural networks have been successfully applied for tracking. Despite their success, these features only capture appearance information. On the other hand, motion cues provide discriminative and complementary information that can improve tracking performance. Contrary to visual tracking, deep motion features have been successfully applied for actio…
Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology（印度空间科学技术研究院）
Visual Object tracking research has undergone significant improvement in the past few years. The emergence of tracking by detection approach in tracking paradigm has been quite successful in many ways. Recently, deep convolutional neural networks have been extensively used in most successful trackers. Yet, the standard approach has been based on correlation or feature selection with minimal consideration given to motion consistency. Thus, there is still a need to capture various physical constraints through motion consistency which will improve accuracy, robustness and more importantly rotatio…
Khalifa University of Science and Technology（哈利法科技大学）；ETH Zürich（苏黎世联邦理工学院）；MBZUAI（穆罕默德·本·扎耶德人工智能大学）；Linköping University（林雪平大学）；Czech Technical University（捷克理工大学）
Accurate and robust visual object tracking is one of the most challenging and fundamental computer vision problems. It entails estimating the trajectory of the target in an image sequence, given only its initial location, and segmentation, or its rough approximation in the form of a bounding box. Discriminative Correlation Filters (DCFs) and deep Siamese Networks (SNs) have emerged as dominating tracking paradigms, which have led to significant progress. Following the rapid evolution of visual object tracking in the last decade, this survey presents a systematic and thorough review of more tha…
In this paper, we demonstrate a novel algorithm that uses ellipse fitting to estimate the bounding box rotation angle and size with the segmentation(mask) on the target for online and real-time visual object tracking. Our method, SiamMask_E, improves the bounding box fitting procedure of the state-of-the-art object tracking algorithm SiamMask and still retains a fast-tracking frame rate (80 fps) on a system equipped with GPU (GeForce GTX 1080 Ti or higher). We tested our approach on the visual object tracking datasets (VOT2016, VOT2018, and VOT2019) that were labeled with rotated bounding boxe…
Dalian University of Technology（大连理工大学）；Peng Cheng Laboratory（鹏城实验室）
Visible-modal object tracking gives rise to a series of downstream multi-modal tracking tributaries. To inherit the powerful representations of the foundation model, a natural modus operandi for multi-modal tracking is full fine-tuning on the RGB-based parameters. Albeit effective, this manner is not optimal due to the scarcity of downstream data and poor transferability, etc. In this paper, inspired by the recent success of the prompt learning in language models, we develop Visual Prompt multi-modal Tracking (ViPT), which learns the modal-relevant prompts to adapt the frozen pre-trained found…
Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana（卢布尔雅那大学计算机与信息科学学院）；Centre for Computational Neuroscience and Cognitive Robotics, University of Birmingham（伯明翰大学计算神经科学与认知机器人中心）
The problem of visual tracking evaluation is sporting a large variety of performance measures, and largely suffers from lack of consensus about which measures should be used in experiments. This makes the cross-paper tracker comparison difficult. Furthermore, as some measures may be less effective than others, the tracking results may be skewed or biased towards particular tracking aspects. In this paper we revisit the popular performance measures and tracker performance visualizations and analyze them theoretically and experimentally. We show that several measures are equivalent from the poin…
University of Missouri（密苏里大学）；TCL Research America（TCL美国研究院）
In this paper, we develop a new approach of spatially supervised recurrent convolutional neural networks for visual object tracking. Our recurrent convolutional network exploits the history of locations as well as the distinctive visual features learned by the deep neural networks. Inspired by recent bounding box regression methods for object detection, we study the regression capability of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) in the temporal domain, and propose to concatenate high-level visual features produced by convolutional networks with region information. In contrast to existing deep learning …
3D visual tracking is significant to deep space exploration programs, which can guarantee spacecraft to flexibly approach the target. In this paper, we focus on the studied accurate and real-time method for 3D tracking. Considering the fact that there are almost no public dataset for this topic, A new large-scale 3D asteroid tracking dataset is presented, including binocular video sequences, depth maps, and point clouds of diverse asteroids with various shapes and textures. Benefitting from the power and convenience of simulation platform, all the 2D and 3D annotations are automatically genera…
Visual object tracking, as a fundamental task in computer vision, has drawn much attention in recent years. To extend trackers to a wider range of applications, researchers have introduced information from multiple modalities to handle specific scenes, which is a promising research prospect with emerging methods and benchmarks. To provide a thorough review of multi-modal track-ing, we summarize the multi-modal tracking algorithms, especially visible-depth (RGB-D) tracking and visible-thermal (RGB-T) tracking in a unified taxonomy from different aspects. Second, we provide a detailed descriptio…
Meitu HiScene Lab, HiScene Information Technologies（美图亮风台实验室，亮风台信息科技有限公司）；Temple University（天普大学）
Being intensively studied, visual tracking has seen great recent advances in either speed (e.g., with correlation filters) or accuracy (e.g., with deep features). Real-time and high accuracy tracking algorithms, however, remain scarce. In this paper we study the problem from a new perspective and present a novel parallel tracking and verifying (PTAV) framework, by taking advantage of the ubiquity of multi-thread techniques and borrowing from the success of parallel tracking and mapping in visual SLAM. Our PTAV framework typically consists of two components, a tracker T and a verifier V, workin…
We propose a novel visual tracking algorithm based on the representations from a discriminatively trained Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Our algorithm pretrains a CNN using a large set of videos with tracking ground-truths to obtain a generic target representation. Our network is composed of shared layers and multiple branches of domain-specific layers, where domains correspond to individual training sequences and each branch is responsible for binary classification to identify the target in each domain. We train the network with respect to each domain iteratively to obtain generic target…
Tianjin University（天津大学）；Key Research Center for Surface Monitoring and Analysis of Cultural Relics（文物本体表面监测与分析研究重点科研基地）
Visual object tracking is an important task in computer vision, which has many real-world applications, e.g., video surveillance, visual navigation. Visual object tracking also has many challenges, e.g., object occlusion and deformation. To solve above problems and track the target accurately and efficiently, many tracking algorithms have emerged in recent years. This paper presents the rationale and representative works of two most popular tracking frameworks in past ten years, i.e., the corelation filter and Siamese network for object tracking. Then we present some deep learning based tracki…
University of Ljubljana（卢布尔雅那大学）；Czech Technical University in Prague（布拉格捷克理工大学）
We propose a new long-term tracking performance evaluation methodology and present a new challenging dataset of carefully selected sequences with many target disappearances. We perform an extensive evaluation of six long-term and nine short-term state-of-the-art trackers, using new performance measures, suitable for evaluating long-term tracking - tracking precision, recall and F-score. The evaluation shows that a good model update strategy and the capability of image-wide re-detection are critical for long-term tracking performance. We integrated the methodology in the VOT toolkit to automate…
Seoul National University（首尔国立大学）；Chung-Ang Univeristy（中央大学）
In this paper, we propose a novel on-line visual tracking framework based on the Siamese matching network and meta-learner network, which run at real-time speeds. Conventional deep convolutional feature-based discriminative visual tracking algorithms require continuous re-training of classifiers or correlation filters, which involve solving complex optimization tasks to adapt to the new appearance of a target object. To alleviate this complex process, our proposed algorithm incorporates and utilizes a meta-learner network to provide the matching network with new appearance information of the t…
School of Computer Science and Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University（西北工业大学计算机学院）
Recently a category of tracking methods based on "tracking-by-detection" is widely used in visual tracking problem. Most of these methods update the classifier online using the samples generated by the tracker to handle the appearance changes. However, the self-updating scheme makes these methods suffer from drifting problem because of the incorrect labels of weak classifiers in training samples. In this paper, we split the class labels into true labels and noise labels and model them by sparse representation. A novel dynamic classifier selection method, robust to noisy training data, is propo…
While recent years have witnessed remarkable progress in the feature representation of visual tracking, the problem of feature misalignment between the classification and regression tasks is largely overlooked. The approaches of feature extraction make no difference for these two tasks in most of advanced trackers. We argue that the performance gain of visual tracking is limited since features extracted from the salient area provide more recognizable visual patterns for classification, while these around the boundaries contribute to accurately estimating the target state. We address this probl…
Dalian University of Technology（大连理工大学）；CSA Intellicloud Ltd（CSA 智云有限公司）；Remark Holdings（Remark Holdings公司）
Deep learning based visual trackers entail offline pre-training on large volumes of video datasets with accurate bounding box annotations that are labor-expensive to achieve. We present a new framework to facilitate bounding box annotations for video sequences, which investigates a selection-and-refinement strategy to automatically improve the preliminary annotations generated by tracking algorithms. A temporal assessment network (T-Assess Net) is proposed which is able to capture the temporal coherence of target locations and select reliable tracking results by measuring their quality. Meanwh…
Anhui University（安徽大学）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）
The tracking-by-detection framework requires a set of positive and negative training samples to learn robust tracking models for precise localization of target objects. However, existing tracking models mostly treat different samples independently while ignores the relationship information among them. In this paper, we propose a novel structure-aware deep neural network to overcome such limitations. In particular, we construct a graph to represent the pairwise relationships among training samples, and additionally take the natural language as the supervised information to learn both feature re…
Colledge of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University（天津大学智能与计算学部）；Key Research Center for Surface Monitoring and Analysis of Cultural Relics (SMARC), State Administration of Cultural Heritage, China（国家文物局文物表面监测与分析重点研究中心）；Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Carolina（南卡罗来纳大学计算机科学与工程系）
Intuitively, motion blur may hurt the performance of visual object tracking. However, we lack quantitative evaluation of tracker robustness to different levels of motion blur. Meanwhile, while image deblurring methods can produce visually clearer videos for pleasing human eyes, it is unknown whether visual object tracking can benefit from image deblurring or not. In this paper, we address these two problems by constructing a Blurred Video Tracking benchmark, which contains a variety of videos with different levels of motion blurs, as well as ground truth tracking results for evaluating tracker…
Visual object tracking under challenging conditions of motion and light can be hindered by the capabilities of conventional cameras, prone to producing images with motion blur. Event cameras are novel sensors suited to robustly perform vision tasks under these conditions. However, due to the nature of their output, applying them to object detection and tracking is non-trivial. In this work, we propose a framework to take advantage of both event cameras and off-the-shelf deep learning for object tracking. We show that reconstructing event data into intensity frames improves the tracking perform…
Visual tracking problem demands to efficiently perform robust classification and accurate target state estimation over a given target at the same time. Former methods have proposed various ways of target state estimation, yet few of them took the particularity of the visual tracking problem itself into consideration. After a careful analysis, we propose a set of practical guidelines of target state estimation for high-performance generic object tracker design. Following these guidelines, we design our Fully Convolutional Siamese tracker++ (SiamFC++) by introducing both classification and targe…
Recent advances in Siamese network-based visual tracking methods have enabled high performance on numerous tracking benchmarks. However, extensive scale variations of the target object and distractor objects with similar categories have consistently posed challenges in visual tracking. To address these persisting issues, we propose novel TridentAlign and context embedding modules for Siamese network-based visual tracking methods. The TridentAlign module facilitates adaptability to extensive scale variations and large deformations of the target, where it pools the feature representation of the …
AViTMP: A Tracking-Specific Transformer for Single-Branch Visual Tracking
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院光电技术研究所）；Computer Vision Center（计算机视觉中心）；Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona（巴塞罗那自治大学）
RWTH Aachen University（亚琛工业大学）；University of Oxford（牛津大学）
We present Siam R-CNN, a Siamese re-detection architecture which unleashes the full power of two-stage object detection approaches for visual object tracking. We combine this with a novel tracklet-based dynamic programming algorithm, which takes advantage of re-detections of both the first-frame template and previous-frame predictions, to model the full history of both the object to be tracked and potential distractor objects. This enables our approach to make better tracking decisions, as well as to re-detect tracked objects after long occlusion. Finally, we propose a novel hard example minin…
The problem of robust extraction of visual odometry from a sequence of images obtained by an eye in hand camera configuration is addressed. A novel approach toward solving planar template based tracking is proposed which performs a non-linear image alignment for successful retrieval of camera transformations. In order to obtain global optimum a bio-metaheuristic is used for optimization of similarity among the planar regions. The proposed method is validated on image sequences with real as well as synthetic transformations and found to be resilient to intensity variations. A comparative analys…
University of Ljubljana（卢布尔雅那大学）；Tampere University（坦佩雷大学）；Czech Technical University in Prague（捷克布拉格技术大学）
A long-term visual object tracking performance evaluation methodology and a benchmark are proposed. Performance measures are designed by following a long-term tracking definition to maximize the analysis probing strength. The new measures outperform existing ones in interpretation potential and in better distinguishing between different tracking behaviors. We show that these measures generalize the short-term performance measures, thus linking the two tracking problems. Furthermore, the new measures are highly robust to temporal annotation sparsity and allow annotation of sequences hundreds of…
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）
This paper proposes a novel model, named Continuity-Discrimination Convolutional Neural Network (CD-CNN), for visual object tracking. Existing state-of-the-art tracking methods do not deal with temporal relationship in video sequences, which leads to imperfect feature representations. To address this problem, CD-CNN models temporal appearance continuity based on the idea of temporal slowness. Mathematically, we prove that, by introducing temporal appearance continuity into tracking, the upper bound of target appearance representation error can be sufficiently small with high probability. Furth…
Fully convolutional deep correlation networks are integral components of state-of the-art approaches to single object visual tracking. It is commonly assumed that these networks perform tracking by detection by matching features of the object instance with features of the entire frame. Strong architectural priors and conditioning on the object representation is thought to encourage this tracking strategy. Despite these strong priors, we show that deep trackers often default to tracking by saliency detection - without relying on the object instance representation. Our analysis shows that despit…
VPTracker: Global Vision-Language Tracking via Visual Prompt
School of Data Science and Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China（数据科学与工程学院，华东师范大学，上海200062，中国）；Medical Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China（医学人工智能实验室，西湖大学，杭州310024，中国）
Visual tracking plays an important role in perception system, which is a crucial part of intelligent transportation. Recently, Siamese network is a hot topic for visual tracking to estimate moving targets' trajectory, due to its superior accuracy and simple framework. In general, Siamese tracking algorithms, supervised by logistic loss and triplet loss, increase the value of inner product between exemplar template and positive sample while reduce the value of inner product with background sample. However, the distractors from different exemplars are not considered by mentioned loss functions, …
Center for Visual Information Technology, Kohli Center on Intelligent Systems（视觉信息技术中心，科利智能系统中心）；International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, India（海得拉巴国际信息技术学院）
We propose a new long video dataset (called Track Long and Prosper - TLP) and benchmark for single object tracking. The dataset consists of 50 HD videos from real world scenarios, encompassing a duration of over 400 minutes (676K frames), making it more than 20 folds larger in average duration per sequence and more than 8 folds larger in terms of total covered duration, as compared to existing generic datasets for visual tracking. The proposed dataset paves a way to suitably assess long term tracking performance and train better deep learning architectures (avoiding/reducing augmentation, whic…
Czech Technical University in Prague（捷克技术大学）；University of Ljubljana（卢布尔雅那大学）
A long-term visual object tracking performance evaluation methodology and a benchmark are proposed. Performance measures are designed by following a long-term tracking definition to maximize the analysis probing strength. The new measures outperform existing ones in interpretation potential and in better distinguishing between different tracking behaviors. We show that these measures generalize the short-term performance measures, thus linking the two tracking problems. Furthermore, the new measures are highly robust to temporal annotation sparsity and allow annotation of sequences hundreds of…
College of Computer Science, Sichuan University（四川大学计算机科学学院）；National Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science on Synthetic Vision, Sichuan University（四川大学视觉合成图形图像技术国家级重点实验室）
(Discriminative) Correlation Filter has been successfully applied to visual tracking and has advanced the field significantly in recent years. Correlation filter-based trackers consider visual tracking as a problem of matching the feature template of the object and candidate regions in the detection sample, in which correlation filter provides the means to calculate the similarities. In contrast, convolution filter is usually used for blurring, sharpening, embossing, edge detection, etc in image processing. On the surface, correlation filter and convolution filter are usually used for differen…
The University of Adelaide（阿德莱德大学）；Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院自动化研究所）；State University of New York, Binghamton（纽约州立大学宾汉姆顿分校）
Visual object tracking is a significant computer vision task which can be applied to many domains such as visual surveillance, human computer interaction, and video compression. In the literature, researchers have proposed a variety of 2D appearance models. To help readers swiftly learn the recent advances in 2D appearance models for visual object tracking, we contribute this survey, which provides a detailed review of the existing 2D appearance models. In particular, this survey takes a module-based architecture that enables readers to easily grasp the key points of visual object tracking. In…
Sampling and budgeting training examples are two essential factors in tracking algorithms based on support vector machines (SVMs) as a trade-off between accuracy and efficiency. Recently, the circulant matrix formed by dense sampling of translated image patches has been utilized in correlation filters for fast tracking. In this paper, we derive an equivalent formulation of a SVM model with circulant matrix expression and present an efficient alternating optimization method for visual tracking. We incorporate the discrete Fourier transform with the proposed alternating optimization process, and…
