arXivDaily arXiv每日学术速递 周一至周五更新
arXiv 1609.04798astro-ph.EP
收藏

超级地球作为轨道迁移陷阱中的失败核心

Super-Earths as Failed Cores in Orbital Migration Traps

Yasuhiro Hasegawa

摘要:

我们探讨了近距离的超级地球是否是由岩石体形成的,这些岩石体在出生的原恒星盘分散之前没有足够快地成长为气体巨星的核心。我们模拟失败的核心向内轨道迁移在低质量或I型制度,停止点的距离,潮汐与原恒星盘的相互作用适用于零净扭矩。考虑的三种迁移陷阱是由于死区的外缘,冰线,和从吸积到星光作为磁盘的主要热源的过渡。随着盘的分散,陷阱向1~ au附近或刚好在1~au之外的最终位置移动。行星在这个位置超过约3~M $_\oplus$打开一个缺口,脱离其主机陷阱,并向内迁移的高质量或II型制度,以达到附近的恒星。我们综合了在这种情况下形成的行星群,发现观察到的超级地球中有一部分可能是失败的核心。大多数以这种方式形成的超级地球都有超过4 M的$_\oplus$,因此当磁盘分散时,它们的轨道由II型迁移控制。这些行星有固体核心,被气体外壳包围。它们随后的光蒸发质量损失对于最初低于约6 M $_\oplus$的质量是最有效的。根据推断的形成历史,失败的核心方案建议将观察到的超级地球质量半径图划分为五个区域。

英文摘要:

We explore whether close-in super-Earths were formed as rocky bodies that failed to grow fast enough to become the cores of gas giants before the natal protostellar disk dispersed. We model the failed cores' inward orbital migration in the low-mass or type I regime, to stopping points at distances where the tidal interaction with the protostellar disk applies zero net torque. The three kinds of migration traps considered are those due to the dead zone's outer edge, the ice line, and the transition from accretion to starlight as the disk's main heat source. As the disk disperses, the traps move toward final positions near or just outside 1~au. Planets at this location exceeding about 3~M$_\oplus$ open a gap, decouple from their host trap, and migrate inward in the high-mass or type II regime to reach the vicinity of the star. We synthesize the population of planets formed in this scenario, finding that some fraction of the observed super-Earths can be failed cores. Most super-Earths formed this way have more than 4~M$_\oplus$, so their orbits when the disk disperses are governed by type II migration. These planets have solid cores surrounded by gaseous envelopes. Their subsequent photoevaporative mass loss is most effective for masses originally below about 6 M$_\oplus$. The failed core scenario suggests a division of the observed super-Earth mass-radius diagram into five zones according to the inferred formation history.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

↑