In this paper, we generalize recent work of Mizuhara, Sellers, and Swisher that gives a method for establishing restricted plane partition congruences based on a bounded number of calculations. Using periodicity for partition functions, our extended technique could be a useful tool to prove congruences for certain types of combinatorial functions based on a bounded number of calculations. As applications of our result, we establish new and existing restricted plane partition congruences, restricted plane overpartition congruences and several examples of restricted partition congruences.
We introduce two new integer partition functions, both of which are the number of partition quadruples of $n$ with certain size restrictions. We prove both functions satisfy Ramanujan-type congruences modulo $3$, $5$, $7$, and $13$ by use of generalized Lambert series identities and $q$-series techniques.
We prove several Ramanujan-type congruences modulo powers of $5$ for partition $k$-tuples with $5$-cores, for $k=2, 3, 4$. We also prove some new infinite families of congruences modulo powers of primes for $k$-tuples with $p$-cores, where $p$ is a prime.
We prove congruences for the number of partition pairs $(π_1,π_2)$ such that $π_1$ is non-empty, $s(π_1)\le s(π_2)$, and $\ell(π_2)< 2s(π_1)$ where $s(π)$ is the smallest part and $\ell(π)$ is the largest part of a partition. The proofs use Bailey's Lemma and a generalized Lambert series identity of Chan. We also discuss how a partition pair crank gives combinatorial refinements of these congruences.
We investigate congruence relations of the form $p_r(\ell m n + t) \equiv 0 \pmod{\ell}$ for all $n$, where $p_r(n)$ is the number of $r$-colored partitions of $n$ and $m,\ell$ are distinct primes.
Recently, Lin introduced two new partition functions PD$_t(n)$ and PDO$_t(n)$, which count the total number of tagged parts over all partitions of $n$ with designated summands and the total number of tagged parts over all partitions of $n$ with designated summands in which all parts are odd. Lin also proved some congruences modulo 3 and 9 for PD$_t(n)$ and PDO$_t(n)$, and conjectured some congruences modulo 8. Very recently, Adansie, Chern, and Xia found two new infinite families of congruences modulo 9 for PD$_t(n)$. In this paper, we prove the congruences modulo 8 conjectured by Lin and also…
We find and prove a class of congruences modulo 4 for Andrews' partition with certain ternary quadratic form. We also discuss distribution of $\overline{\mathcal{EO}}(n)$ and further prove that $\overline{\mathcal{EO}}(n)\equiv0\pmod4$ for almost all $n$. This study was inspired by similar congruences modulo 4 in the work by the second author and Garvan.
For any positive integers $n$ and $r$, let $p_r(n)$ denotes the number of partitions of $n$ where each part has $r$ distinct colours. Many authors studied the partition function $p_r(n)$ for particular values of $r$. In this paper, we prove some general congruences modulo $5$ and $7$ for the colour partition function $p_r(n)$ by considering some general values of $r$. To prove the congruences we employ some $q$-series identities which is also in the spirit of Ramanujan.
Recently, Chan and Wang (Fractional powers of the generating function for the partition function. Acta Arith. 187(1), 59--80 (2019)) studied the fractional powers of the generating function for the partition function and found several congruences satisfied by the corresponding coefficients. In this paper, we find some new families of congruences modulo powers of primes. We also find analogous results for the coefficients of the fractional powers of the generating function for the 2-color partition function.
A partition of $n$ is $l$-regular if none of its parts is divisible by $l$. Let $b_l(n)$ denote the number of $l$-regular partitions of $n$. In this paper, using theta function identities due to Ramanujan, we establish some new infinite families of congruences for $b_l(n)$ modulo $l$, where $l=13,17,23$.
We considerably improve Ono's and Ahlgren-Ono's work on the frequent occurrence of Ramanujan-type congruences for the partition function, and demonstrate that Ramanujan-type congruences occur in families that are governed by square-classes. We thus elucidate for the first time an exemplary family of congruences found by Atkin-O'Brien. Our results are based on a novel framework that leverages available results on integral models of modular curves via representations of finite quotients of $\mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbb{Z})$ or $\mathrm{Mp}_1(\mathbb{Z})$. This framework applies to congruences of all we…
Recently, Andrews, Dixit and Yee introduced partition functions associated with Ramanujan/Watson third order mock theta functions $ω(q)$ and $ν(q)$. In this paper, we find several new exact generating functions for those partition functions as well as the associated smallest parts functions and deduce several new congruences modulo powers of 5.
The partition function is known to exhibit beautiful congruences that are often proved using the theory of modular forms. In this paper, we study the extent to which these congruence results apply to the generalized Frobenius partitions defined by Andrews. In particular, we prove that there are infinitely many congruences for $cϕ_k(n)$ modulo $\ell,$ where $\gcd(\ell,6k)=1,$ and we also prove results on the parity of $cϕ_k(n).$ Along the way, we prove results regarding the parity of coefficients of weakly holomorphic modular forms which generalize work of Ono.
For any non-negative integer $n$ and non-zero integer $r$, let $p_r(n)$ denote Ramanujan's general partition function. By employing $q$-identities, we prove some new Ramanujan-type congruences modulo 5 for $p_r(n)$ for $r=-(5λ+1), -(5λ+3), -(5λ+4), -(25λ+1)$, $-(25λ+2)$, and any integer $λ$.
Let $ped(n)$ denote the number of partitions of $n$ wherein even parts are distinct (and odd parts are unrestricted). We show infinite families of congruences for $ped(n)$ modulo $8$. We also examine the behavior of $ped_{-2}(n)$ modulo $8$ in detail where $ped_{-2}(n)$ denotes the number of bipartitions of $n$ with even parts distinct. As a result, we find infinite families of congruences for $ped_{2}(n)$ modulo $8$.
In a recent paper, Bacher and de la Harpe study the conjugacy growth series of finitary permutation groups. In the course of studying the coefficients of a series related to the finitary alternating group, they introduce generalized partition functions $p(n)_{\textbf{e}}$. The group theory motivates the study of the asymptotics for these functions. Moreover, Bacher and de la Harpe also conjecture over 200 congruences for these functions which are analogous to the Ramanujan congruences for the unrestricted partition function $p(n)$. We obtain asymptotic formulas for all of the $p(n)_{\textbf{e}…
The partition function $ p_{[1^c\ell^d]}(n)$ can be defined using the generating function, \[\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}p_{[1^c{\ell}^d]}(n)q^n=\prod_{n=1}^{\infty}\dfrac{1}{(1-q^n)^c(1-q^{\ell n})^d}.\] In \cite{P}, we proved infinite family of congruences for this partition function for $\ell=11$. In this paper, we extend the ideas that we have used in \cite{P} to prove infinite families of congruences for the partition function $p_{[1^c\ell^d]}(n)$ modulo powers of $\ell$ for any integers $c$ and $d$, for primes $5\leq \ell\leq 17$. This generalizes Atkin, Gordon and Hughes' congruences for powers …
The theory of partition congruences has been a fascinating and difficult subject for over a century now. In attempting to prove a given congruence family, multiple possible complications include the genus of the underlying modular curve, representation difficulties of the associated sequences of modular functions, and difficulties regarding the piecewise $\ell$-adic convergence of elements of the associated space of modular functions. However, our knowledge of the subject has developed substantially and continues to develop. In this very brief survey, we will discuss the utility of modular fun…
Using the relationship between Siegel cusp forms of degree $2$ and cuspidal automorphic representations of $\mathrm{GSp}(4,\mathbb{A}_{\mathbb{Q}})$, we derive some congruences involving dimensions of spaces of Siegel cusp forms of degree $2$ and the class number of $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-p})$. We also obtain some congruences between the $4$-core partition function $c_4(n)$ and dimensions of spaces of Siegel cusp forms of degree $2$.
In the eleventh paper in the series on MacMahons partition analysis, Andrews and Paule [1] introduced the $k$ elongated partition diamonds. Recently, they [2] revisited the topic. Let $d_k(n)$ count the partitions obtained by adding the links of the $k$ elongated plane partition diamonds of length $n$. Andrews and Paule [2] obtained several generating functions and congruences for $d_1(n)$, $d_2(n)$, and $d_3(n)$. They also posed some conjectures, among which the most difficult one was recently proved by Smoot [11]. Da Silva, Hirschhorn, and Sellers [5] further found many congruences modulo ce…
We study the divisibility properties of the partition function associated with the eighth order mock theta function $V_0(q)$, introduced by Gordon and McIntosh. We obtain congruences modulo powers of 2 for certain coefficients of the partition function, akin to Ramanujan's partition congruences. Further, we also present several infinite families of congruences molulo 13, 25 and 27.
Partitions wherein the even parts appear in two different colours are known as cubic partitions. Recently, Merca introduced and studied the function $A(n)$, which is defined as the difference between the number of cubic partitions of $n$ into an even number of parts and the number of cubic partitions of $n$ into an odd number of parts. In particular, using Smoot's \textsf{RaduRK} Mathematica package, Merca proved the following congruences by finding the exact generating functions of the respective functions. For all $n\ge0$, \begin{align*}A(9n+5)\equiv 0\pmod 3,\\ A(27n+26)\equiv 0\pmod 3. \en…
George Andrews and Peter Paule have recently conjectured an infinite family of congruences modulo powers of 3 for the 2-elongated plane partition function $d_2(n)$. This congruence family appears difficult to prove by classical methods. We prove a refined form of this conjecture by expressing the associated generating functions as elements of a ring of modular functions isomorphic to a localization of $\mathbb{Z}[X]$.
Let $b_{\ell, k}(n), b_{\ell, k, r}(n)$ count the number of $(\ell, k)$, $(\ell, k, r)$-regular partitions respectively. In this paper we shall derive infinite families of congruences for $b_{\ell, k}(n)$ modulo $2$ when $ (\ell, k) = (3,8), (4, 7)$, for $b_{\ell, k}(n)$ modulo $8$, modulo $9$ and modulo $12$ when $(\ell, k) = (4, 9)$ and $b_{\ell, k, r}(n)$ modulo $2$ when $(\ell, k, r) = (3, 5, 8)$.
In this paper, motivated by the work of Mahlburg, we find congruences for a large class of modular forms. Moreover, we generalize the generating function of the Andrews-Garvan-Dyson crank on partition and establish several new infinite families of congruences. In this framework, we showed that both the birank of an ordered pair of partitions introduced by Hammond and Lewis, and $k$-crank of $k$-colored partition introduced by Fu and Tang process the same as the partition function and crank.
Conjectures involving infinite families of restricted partition congruences can be difficult to verify for a number of individual cases, even with a computer. We demonstrate how the machinery of Radu's algorithm may be modified and employed to efficiently check a very large number of cases of such conjectures. This allows substantial evidence to be collected for a given conjecture, before a complete proof is attempted.
Let $f(n)$ denote the number of 1-shell totally symmetric plane partitions of weight $n$. Recently, Hirschhorn and Sellers, Yao, and Xia established a number of congruences modulo 2 and 5, 4 and 8, and 25 for $f(n)$, respectively. In this note, we shall prove several new congruences modulo 125 and 11 by using some results of modular forms. For example, for all $n\ge 0$, we have \begin{align*} f(1250n+125)&\equiv 0 \pmod{125},\\ f(1250n+1125)&\equiv 0 \pmod{125},\\ f(2750n+825)&\equiv 0 \pmod{11},\\ f(2750n+1925)&\equiv 0 \pmod{11}. \end{align*}
Recently the author introduced two new integer partition quadruple functions, which satisfy Ramanujan-type congruences modulo $3$, $5$, $7$, and $13$. Here we reprove the congruences modulo $3$, $5$, and $7$ by defining a rank-type statistic that gives a combinatorial refinement of the congruences.
New congruences are found for Andrews' smallest parts partition function spt(n). The generating function for spt(n) is related to the holomorphic part alpha(24z) of a certain weak Maass form M(z) of weight 3/2. We show that a normalized form of the generating function for spt(n) is an eigenform modulo 72 for the Hecke operators T(p^2) for primes p > 3, and an eigenform modulo t for t = 5, 7 or 13 provided that (t, 6p) = 1. The result for the modulus 3 was observed earlier by the author and considered by Ono and Folsom. Similar congruences for higher powers of t (namely 5^6, 7^4 and 13^2) occur…
Let $\ell \geq 5$ be prime. For the partition function $p(n)$ and $5 \leq \ell \leq 31$, Atkin found a number of examples of primes $Q \geq 5$ such that there exist congruences of the form $p(\ell Q^{3} n+β) \equiv 0 \pmod{\ell}.$ Recently, Ahlgren, Allen, and Tang proved that there are infinitely many such congruences for every $\ell$. In this paper, for a wide range of $c \in \mathbb{F}_{\ell}$, we prove congruences of the form $p(\ell Q^{3} n+β_{0}) \equiv c \cdot p(\ell Q n+β_{1}) \pmod{\ell}$ for infinitely many primes $Q$. For a positive integer $r$, let $p_{r}(n)$ be the $r$-colored par…
The coefficients of the generating function $(q;q)^α_\infty$ produce $p_α(n)$ for $α\in \mathbb{Q}$. In particular, when $α= -1$, the partition function is obtained. Recently, Chan and Wang identified and proved congruences of the form $p_{\frac{a}{b}}(\ell n + c)\equiv 0 \pmod{\ell}$ where $\ell$ is a prime such that $\ell \mid a -db$ for $d \in \{4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 26\}$. Expanding upon their work, we use the representation of powers of the Dedekind-eta functions in linear sums of Hecke eigenforms and their lacunarity to raise the power of the modulus to higher powers of $\ell$. In addition, w…
Let $p(n)$ be the ordinary partition function. In the 1960s Atkin found a number of examples of congruences of the form $p( Q^3 \ell n+β)\equiv0\pmod\ell$ where $\ell$ and $Q$ are prime and $5\leq \ell\leq 31$; these lie in two natural families distinguished by the square class of $1-24β\pmod\ell$. In recent decades much work has been done to understand congruences of the form $p(Q^m\ell n+β)\equiv 0\pmod\ell$. It is now known that there are many such congruences when $m\geq 4$, that such congruences are scarce (if they exist at all) when $m=1, 2$, and that for $m=0$ such congruences exist onl…
Let $\mathrm{pod}(n)$ denote the number of partitions of $n$ with odd parts distinct, and ${{r}_{k}}(n)$ be the number of representations of $n$ as sum of $k$ squares. We find the following two arithmetic relations: for any integer $n\ge 0$, \[\mathrm{pod}(3n+2)\equiv 2{{(-1)}^{n+1}}{{r}_{5}}(8n+5) \pmod{9}, \] and \[\mathrm{pod}(5n+2)\equiv 2{{(-1)}^{n}}{{r}_{3}}(8n+3) \pmod{5}.\] From which we deduce many interesting congruences including the following two infinite families of Ramanujan-type congruences: for $a \in \{11, 19\}$ and any integers $α\ge 1$ and $n \ge 0$, we have \[\mathrm{pod}\B…
Let $p(n)$ denote the partition function. In this article, we will show that congruences of the form $$ p(m^j\ell^kn+B)\equiv 0\mod m \text{for all} n\ge 0 $$ exist for all primes $m$ and $\ell$ satisfying $m\ge 13$ and $\ell\neq 2,3,m$. Here the integer $k$ depends on the Hecke eigenvalues of a certain invariant subspace of $S_{m/2-1}(Γ_0(576),χ_{12})$ and can be explicitly computed. More generally, we will show that for each integer $i>0$ there exists an integer $k$ such that for every non-negative integers $j\ge i$ with a properly chosen $B$ the congruence $$ p(m^j\ell^kn+B)\equiv 0\mod m^i…
Let $p_{-t}(n)$ denote the number of partitions of $n$ into $t$ colors. In analogy with Ramanujan's work on the partition function, Lin recently proved in \cite{Lin} that $p_{-3}(11n+7)\equiv0\pmod{11}$ for every integer $n$. Such congruences, those of the form $p_{-t}(\ell n + a) \equiv 0 \pmod {\ell}$, were previously studied by Kiming and Olsson. If $\ell \geq 5$ is prime and $-t \not \in \{\ell - 1, \ell -3\}$, then such congruences satisfy $24a \equiv -t \pmod {\ell}$. Inspired by Lin's example, we obtain natural infinite families of such congruences. If $\ell\equiv2\pmod{3}$ (resp. $\ell…
In this note, we will give proofs of two congruences involving broken 3-diamond partitions and broken 5-diamond partitions which were conjectured by Peter Paule and Silviu Radu.
The partition function $ p_{[1^c11^d]}(n)$ can be defined using the generating function, \[\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}p_{[1^c{11}^d]}(n)q^n=\prod_{n=1}^{\infty}\dfrac{1}{(1-q^n)^c(1-q^{11 n})^d}.\] In this paper, we prove infinite families of congruences for the partition function $ p_{[1^c11^d]}(n)$ modulo powers of $11$ for any integers $c$ and $d$, which generalizes Atkin and Gordon's congruences for powers of the partition function. The proofs use an explicit basis for the vector space of modular functions of the congruence subgroup $Γ_0(11)$.
In a recent paper, Bacher and de la Harpe study conjugacy growth series of infinite permutation groups and their relationships with $p(n)$, the partition function, and $p(n)_{\textbf{e}}$, a generalized partition function. They prove identities for the conjugacy growth series of the finitary symmetric group and the finitary alternating group. The group theory also motivates an investigation into congruence relationships between the finitary symmetric group and the finitary alternating group. Using the Ramanujan congruences for the partition function $p(n)$ and Atkin's generalization to the $k$…
The 2-color partitions may be considered as an extension of regular partitions of a natural number $n$, with $p_{k}(n)$ defined as the number of 2-colored partitions of $n$ where one of the 2 colors appears only in parts that are multiples of $k$. In this paper, we record the complete characterization of the modulo 5 congruence relation $p_{k}(25n + 24 - k) \equiv 0 \pmod{5}$ for $k \in \{1, 2, \ldots, 24\}$, in connection with the 2-color partition function $p_k(n)$, providing references to existing results for $k \in \{1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 17\}$, simple proofs for $k \in \{5, 10, 15, 20\}$ for …
The arithmetic properties of the ordinary partition function $p(n)$ have been the topic of intensive study for the past century. Ramanujan proved that there are linear congruences of the form $p(\ell n+β)\equiv 0\pmod\ell$ for the primes $\ell=5, 7, 11$, and it is known that there are no others of this form. On the other hand, for every prime $\ell\geq 5$ there are infinitely many examples of congruences of the form $p(\ell Q^m n+β)\equiv 0\pmod\ell$ where $Q\geq 5$ is prime and $m\geq 3$. This leaves open the question of the existence of such congruences when $m=1$ or $m=2$ (no examples in th…
In his 1984 AMS Memoir, George Andrews defined the family of $k$--colored generalized Frobenius partition functions. These are denoted by $cϕ_k(n)$ where $k\geq 1$ is the number of colors in question. In that Memoir, Andrews proved (among many other things) that, for all $n\geq 0,$ $cϕ_2(5n+3) \equiv 0\pmod{5}.$ Soon after, many authors proved congruence properties for various $k$--colored generalized Frobenius partition functions, typically with a small number of colors. Work on Ramanujan--like congruence properties satisfied by the functions $cϕ_k(n)$ continues, with recent works completed b…
A partition of $n$ is called a $t$-core partition if none of its hook number is divisible by $t.$ In 2019, Hirschhorn and Sellers \cite{Hirs2019} obtained a parity result for $3$-core partition function $a_3(n)$. Motivated by this result, both the authors \cite{MeherJindal2022} recently proved that for a non-negative integer $α,$ $a_{3^α m}(n)$ is almost always divisible by arbitrary power of $2$ and $3$ and $a_{t}(n)$ is almost always divisible by arbitrary power of $p_i^j,$ where $j$ is a fixed positive integer and $t= p_1^{a_1}p_2^{a_2}\ldots p_m^{a_m}$ with primes $p_i \geq 5.$ In this art…
