We find that $\sim 15-20$ per cent of A-type stars or red giants are bound with a massive companion ($M_{\rm secondary} > 1M_{\odot}$) in an intermediate wide orbit ($0.5<P<5000\mbox{ yr}$). These massive binaries are expected to form wide-orbit, double-degenerate systems (WODDs) within $\lesssim10\mbox{ Gyr}$ implying that $\sim10$ per cent of white dwarfs (WDs) are expected to be part of a WODD with a lighter WD companion. These findings are based on an analysis of previous adaptive optics observations of A-type stars and radial velocity measurements of red giants and shed light on the claimed discrepancy between the seemingly high multiplicity function of stars and the rather low number of detected double degenerates. We expect that GAIA will find $\sim 10$ new WODDs within $20\mbox{ pc}$ from the sun. These results put a stringent constraint on the collision model of type Ia supernovae in which triple stellar systems that include a WODD as the inner binary are required to be abundant.
Discovering wide companions of stellar systems allows us to constrain the dynamical environment and age of the latter. We studied four probable wide companions of four different stellar systems. The central stars are V4046 Sgr, HIP 74865, HIP 65426, and HIP 73145, and their probable wide companions are 2MASS J18152222-3249329, 2MASS J15174874-3028484, 2MASS J13242119-5129503, and 2MASS J14571503-3543505 respectively. V4046 Sgr is a member of $β$-Pictoris Moving Group while the rest of the stellar systems are acknowledged as members of the Scorpius-Centaurus association. The selected stellar sy…
In a search for eclipsing white dwarfs using the Zwicky Transient Facility lightcurves, we identified a deep eclipsing white dwarf with a dark, substellar companion. The lack of an infrared excess and an orbital period of 10 hours made this a potential exoplanet candidate. We obtained high-speed photometry and radial velocity measurements to characterize the system. The white dwarf has a mass of $0.50\pm0.02\,\mathrm{M_{\odot}}$ and a temperature of $10900\pm200\,$K. The companion has a mass of $0.059\pm0.004\,\mathrm{M_{\odot}}$ and a small radius of $0.0783\pm0.0013\,\mathrm{R_{\odot}}$. It …
V1082 Sgr is a cataclysmic variable with accretion luminosity above $10^{34}$erg s$^{-1}$, indicating a mass transfer rate above $10^{-9}M_{\odot}$yr$^{-1}$. However, its K type companion was suggested to be under-filling its Roche lobe (RL), making the high mass transfer rate a mystery. In this work we propose a possible model to explain this discrepancy. The system is proposed to be an intermediate polar, with its K type companion filling its RL. The mass of the white dwarf star is evaluated to be $0.77\pm0.11M_{\odot}$ from both X-ray continuum fitting and Fe line flux ratio measurements. W…
Jayasinghe et al. (2021) identified a dark $\approx 3\,M_\odot$ companion on a nearly edge-on $\approx 60\,\mathrm{day}$ orbit around the red giant star V723 Monoceros as a black hole candidate in the mass gap. This scenario was shown to explain most of the data presented by Jayasinghe et al. (2021), except for periodic radial velocity (RV) residuals from the circular Keplerian model. Here we show that the RV residuals are explained by orbital phase-dependent distortion of the absorption line profile associated with changing visible fractions of the approaching and receding sides of the red gi…
Two white dwarfs in ultrashort binaries with detached, eclipsing, likely substellar companions detected by K2
利用K2 Campaign 10中扩展的开普勒任务的数据，我们确定了两个包含白矮星和冷伴星的食双星，它们的轨道周期非常短，只有71.2分钟（SDSS J1205-0242，a.k.a. EPIC 201283111）和72.5 min（SDSS J1231+0041，a.k.a. EPIC 248368963）。尽管它们的周期很短，但这两个系统都有小的、低质量的伴星，一个是棕矮星，另一个是棕矮星或低质量恒星。我们提出了后续的测光和光谱的双星，以及相分辨光谱的较亮的系统，并使用这些数据进行初步估计的物理和二进制参数。SDSS J1205-0242由一颗$0.39\pm0.02$ M $_\odot$氦核白矮星组成，它被一颗$0.049\pm0.006$ M $_\odot$（$51\pm6$ M $_J$）褐矮星伴星完全遮蔽，而SDSS J1231+0041由一颗$0.56\pm0.07$ M $_\odot$白矮星组成，它被一颗质量为$\lesssim 0.095$ M $_\odot$的伴星部分遮蔽。在SDSS J1205-0242的情况下，我们看看从共同包络演化和褐矮星模型的组合约束，该系统是兼容的类似约束，从其他后共同包络双星给定当前参数的不确定性，但有潜力在未来的完善。
We analyze two binary systems containing giant stars, V723 Mon ("the Unicorn") and 2M04123153+6738486 ("the Giraffe"). Both giants orbit more massive but less luminous companions, previously proposed to be mass-gap black holes. Spectral disentangling reveals luminous companions with star-like spectra in both systems. Joint modeling of the spectra, light curves, and spectral energy distributions robustly constrains the masses, temperatures, and radii of both components: the primaries are luminous, cool giants ($T_{\rm eff,\,giant} = 3,800\,\rm K$ and $4,000\,\rm K$, $R_{\rm giant}= 22.5\,R_{\od…
Two unseen massive white dwarf candidates in close binaries
The University of Tokyo（东京大学）；Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute)（马克斯·普朗克引力物理研究所（爱因斯坦研究所））；Osaka University（大阪大学）；University of Hyogo（兵库大学）；Fukui Prefectural University（福井县立大学）；Institute of Science Tokyo（东京科学大学）；National Institutes of Natural Sciences（国立自然科学研究院）；National Astronomical Observatory of Japan（日本国立天文台）
Very Low-mass Stellar and Substellar Companions to Solar-like Stars from MARVELS II: A Short-period Companion Orbiting an F Star with Evidence of a Stellar Tertiary And Significant Mutual Inclination
Single-line spectroscopic binaries recently contribute to the stellar-mass black hole discovery, independently of the X-ray transient method. We report the identification of a single-line binary system LTD064402+245919, with an orbital period of 14.50 days. The observed component is a subgiant with a mass of 2.77$\pm$0.68M$_{\odot}$, radius 15.5$\pm$2.5R$_{\odot}$, effective temperature $T_{\rm eff}$ 4500$\pm$200K, and surface gravity log\emph{g} 2.5$\pm$0.25dex. The discovery makes use of the LAMOST time-domain (LAMOST-TD) and ZTF survey. Our general-purpose software pipeline applies the Lomb…
We present optical high-speed photometry of three millisecond pulsars with low-mass ($< 0.3 M_{\odot}$) white dwarf companions, bringing the total number of such systems with follow-up time-series photometry to five. We confirm the detection of pulsations in one system, the white dwarf companion to PSR J1738+0333, and show that the pulsation frequencies and amplitudes are variable over many months. A full asteroseismic analysis for this star is under-constrained, but the mode periods we observe are consistent with expectations for a $M_{\star} = 0.16 - 0.19 M_{\odot}$ white dwarf, as suggested…
UCAC2 46706450 is a late-type star with an ultraviolet (UV) excess. It was considered a candidate to establish a sample of FGK stars with white dwarf (WD) companions that can be used to test binary evolution models. To verify the WD nature of the companion, UV spectroscopy was performed by Parsons et al. (2016). By a detailed model-atmosphere analysis we show that the UV source is an extremely hot WD with effective temperature $T_\mathrm{eff}$ = $105\,000\pm5000$ K, mass $M/M_\odot = 0.54\pm0.02$, radius $R/R_\odot = 0.040^{+0.005}_{-0.004}$, and luminosity $L/L_\odot= 176^{+55}_{-49}$, i.e., …
Asteroseismic Detection of a Massive Unseen Companion to the $δ$ Scuti Star TIC 160582982
Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院新疆天文台）；Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía - CSIC（安达卢西亚天体物理研究所-西班牙国家研究委员会）；School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学天文与空间科学学院）；Chinese Academy of Sciences South America Center for Astronomy（中国科学院南美天文中心）
The first results of a new survey are reported, which explores the 2nd data release of the ESA-Gaia mission, in order to search for stellar companions of (Community) TESS Objects of Interest and to characterize their properties. In total, 193 binary and 15 hierarchical triple star systems are presented, detected among 1391 target stars, which are located at distances closer than about 500pc around the Sun. The companions and the targets are equidistant and share a common proper motion, as it is expected for gravitationally bound stellar systems, proven with their accurate Gaia astrometry. The …
Black widows (BWs) are a type of eclipsing millisecond pulsars (MSPs) with companion masses $M_2$ $\lesssim 0.05\,\rm M_\odot$, which can be used to study the accretion history and the radiation of pulsars, as well as the origin of isolated MSPs. Recent observations indicate that there are two sub-types of BWs. One is the BWs with $M_2$ $\sim$ $0.01-0.05\,\rm M_\odot$, whereas another with $M_2$ $\lesssim 0.01\,\rm M_\odot$. However, the origin of the latter is still highly uncertain. In this paper, we investigated the formation of BWs with $M_2$ $\lesssim 0.01\,\rm M_\odot$ through ultra-comp…
Hot subdwarf binaries from the MUCHFUSS project - Analysis of 12 new systems and a study of the short-period binary population
来自SDSS（MUCHFUSS）的项目“看不见的炽热暗亮恒星伴星”（Massive Unseen Companions to Hot Faint Unlightened Stars）旨在寻找具有大质量致密伴星的炽热亚矮星，如大质量白矮星（M>1.0 M $_\odot$）、中子星或恒星质量的黑洞。我们目前的轨道和大气参数，并把12个密切的热亚矮星B星（sdB）的双星在MUCHFUSS项目的过程中发现的同伴的性质的限制。这些系统显示的周期在0.14到7.4天之间。三个系统最有可能有白矮星伴星。SDSS J083006.17+475150.3可能是一颗罕见的低质量氦核白矮星。SDSS J095101.28+034757.0在红外线上显示出一个多余的，可能来自于在一个宽轨道上的第三个伴星。SDSS J113241.58-063652.8是第一颗被证实有近距离伴星的贫氦sdO星。这项研究使轨道周期小于30天并具有测量质量函数的sdB双星的数量达到142个。我们提出了一个分析的最小同伴的质量分布，并表明它是双峰。在0.1 M $_\odot$附近的一个峰值对应于低质量主序星和亚恒星伴星。另一个在0.4 M $_\odot$附近的峰对应于白矮星的伴星。白矮星伴星的导出质量明显低于单个碳氧白矮星的平均质量。在sdB+dM伴随的T $_{\rm eff}$ -log（g）图中，我们发现sdB分量比…
The Binary-Binary Hierarchical System XY Leo: A Laboratory for Stellar Activity and Concealed Companions
Institute of Astronomy, The Observatories（天文研究所，天文台）；Ege University（埃ege大学）；Department of Astronomy and Space Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ege University（埃ege大学理学院天文学与空间科学系）
We report the discovery of the closest known black hole candidate as a binary companion to V723 Mon. V723 Mon is a nearby ($d\sim460\,\rm pc$), bright ($V\simeq8.3$~mag), evolved ($T_{\rm eff, giant}\simeq4440$~K, and $L_{\rm giant}\simeq173~L_\odot$) red giant in a high mass function, $f(M)=1.72\pm 0.01~M_\odot$, nearly circular binary ($P=59.9$ d, $e\simeq 0$). V723 Mon is a known variable star, previously classified as an eclipsing binary, but its All-Sky Automated Survey (ASAS), Kilodegree Extremely Little Telescope (KELT), and Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) light curves are …
We analyze a KeckI/LRIS nebular spectrum taken 268 days after $B$-band maximum of ASASSN-18bt (SN~2018oh), a Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) observed by {\it K2} at the time of explosion. ASASSN-18bt exhibited a two-component rise to peak brightness, possibly the signature of an interaction between the SN ejecta and a large ($\gtrsim 20~R_\odot$) nearby, non-degenerate companion. We search for emission signatures of stripped material from a non-degenerate companion in the nebular spectrum and find no evidence for any unbound material. We place an upper limit of $< 0.006~M_\odot$ on the amount of str…
The old open cluster M67, populated with blue straggler stars (BSSs), is a well known test bed to study the BSS formation pathways. Here, we report the first direct detection of a white dwarf (WD) companion to a BSS in M67, using far-UV images from the \textit{Ultra Violet Imaging telescope} ({\it UVIT}) on {\it ASTROSAT}. Near-simultaneous observations in three far-UV bands combined with {\it GALEX}, {\it IUE}, ground and space based photometric data covering 0.14 -11.5 $μ$m range for WOCS1007 were found to require a binary fit to its spectral energy distribution (SED), consisting of a BSS an…
We examine the composition of barium stars in the context of mass transfer from an asymptotic giant branch (AGB) companion. We accrete between 0.01 and 0.5 M$_\odot$ of AGB ejecta on to low mass companions of [Fe/H] = -0.25 at the ages expected for the end of the lives of AGB stars of 2.5, 3 and 4M$_\odot$. In each case, we form a star of 2.5 M$_\odot$ which is thought to be a typical barium star mass. We discuss the extent of dilution of accreted material as the star evolves, and describe the impact on the surface abundances. For accretion from a 2.5\ms\ primary, if the secondary's initial ma…
More than 20 pre-cataclysmic variable (pre-CV) systems have now been discovered with very short orbital periods ranging from 250 min down to 68 min. A pre-CV consists of a white dwarf or hot subdwarf primary and a low-mass companion star, where the companion star has successfully ejected the common envelope of the primary progenitor, but mass transfer from the companion star to the primary has not yet commenced. In this short-period range, a substantial fraction of the companion stars are likely to be either brown dwarfs with masses $\lesssim 0.07 \, M_\odot$ or stars at the bottom of the MS (…
Mass transfer in an interacting binary will often strip the mass donor of its entire envelope and spin up the mass gainer to near critical rotation. The nearby B-type star Regulus represents a binary in the post-mass transfer stage: it is a rapid rotator with a very faint companion in a 40 d orbit. Here we present the results of a search for the spectral features of the stripped-down star in an extensive set of high S/N and high resolution spectra obtained with the CFHT/ESPaDOnS and TBL/NARVAL spectrographs. We first determine revised orbital elements in order to set accurate estimates of the …
The secondary of the famous young binary RW Aur is much less studied than the primary. To compensate this shortcoming, we present here the results of UBVRIJHK photometric, VRI polarimetric and optical spectral observations of RW Aur B. The star demonstrates chaotic brightness variations in the optical band with irregular short (~ 1 day) dimmings with an amplitude $ΔV$ up to $1.3^{\rm m}.$ The dimmings are accompanied with an increase in the linear polarization (up to 3 per cent in the I band), presumably due to the scattering of the stellar radiation by dust in the circumstellar disc that mean…
The OmegaWhite survey for short-period variable stars - V. Discovery of an ultracompact hot subdwarf binary with a compact companion in a 44 minute orbit
我们发现了轨道周期为P $_{\rm orb}=44.66279\pm1.16\times10^{-4}$ min的超紧凑热亚矮星（sdOB）双星OW J 074106.0 -294811.0，使其成为已知最紧凑的热亚矮星双星。使用甚大望远镜、双子座望远镜和凯克望远镜进行的光谱观测揭示了一个氦丰度为T $_{\rm eff}=39 400\pm500$ K和log（g）= $5.74\pm0.09$的氦-sdOB主星系。高信噪比光变曲线显示出强烈的椭圆调制，导致导出的sdOB质量$M_{\rm sdOB}=0.23\pm0.12$ M $_\odot$与WD伴体（$M_{\rm WD}=0.72\pm0.17$ M $_\odot$）。发现质量比为$q = M_{\rm sdOB}/M_{\rm WD}=0.32\pm0.10$。He-sdOB的导出质量与$\approx0.47$ M $_\odot$的热杂环的正则质量不一致。为了限制sdOB星的结构和演化历史，我们将导出的T $_{\rm eff}$，log（g）和sdOB质量与恒星天体物理学实验模块（MESA）计算的氦星和氦白矮星的演化轨道进行了比较。我们发现，最好的拟合模型是一个氦白矮星的质量为$0.320$ M $_\odot$，离开共同的信封${\approx}1.1$ Myr前，是与观测相一致的。作为一个氦白矮星与一个…
Normal type Ia supernovae (SNe) are thought to arise from the thermonuclear explosion of massive ($>0.8$ M$_\odot$) carbon-oxygen white dwarfs (WDs), although the exact mechanism is debated. In some models helium accretion onto a carbon-oxygen (CO) WD from a companion was suggested to dynamically trigger a detonation of the accreted helium shell. The helium detonation then produces a shock that after converging on itself close to the core of the CO-WD, triggers a secondary carbon detonation and gives rise to an energetic explosion. However, most studies of such scenarios have been done in one …
We present the latest results of our ongoing multiplicity study of (Community) TESS Objects of Interest, using astro- and photometric data from the ESA-Gaia mission, to detect stellar companions of these stars and to characterize their properties. In total, 113 binary, 5 hierarchical triple star systems, as well as one quadruple system were detected among 585 targets surveyed, which are all located at distances closer than about 500pc around the Sun. As proven with their accurate Gaia EDR3 astrometry the companions and the targets are located at the same distance and share a common proper moti…
NGC 2004 #115 is a recently identified black hole (BH) candidate in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) containing a B star orbiting an unseen companion in a 2.9 day orbit and Be star tertiary. We show that the unseen companion is not a $25\,M_{\odot}$ BH, but a $(2-3)\,M_{\odot}$ luminous star. Analyzing the OGLE and MACHO light curves of the system, we detect ellipsoidal variability with amplitude 10 times larger than would be expected if the companion were a $25\,M_{\odot}$ BH, ruling out the low inclination required for a massive companion. The light curve also shows a clear reflection effect…
FQ Circini: An Ordinary Nova with a High-mass B1 V(n)(e) Companion Whose Decretion Disk Transfers Mass to the White Dwarf via Roche-Lobe Overflow
Louisiana State University（路易斯安那州立大学）；American Association of Variable Star Observers（变星观测者协会）；Variable Stars South, Royal Astronomical Society of New Zealand（南半球变星，新西兰皇家天文学会）；Centre for Astrophysics, University of Southern Queensland（南昆士兰大学天体物理中心）；Department of Astrophysics, American Museum of Natural History（美国自然历史博物馆天体物理学系）；South African Astronomical Observatory（南非天文台）；Southern African Large Telescope（南非大型望远镜）；University of Southern Queensland（南昆士兰大学）；Vatican Observatory Research Group, University of Arizona（亚利桑那大学梵蒂冈天文台研究组）
Binaries discovered by the SPY survey VI. Discovery of a low mass companion to the hot subluminous planetary nebula central star EGB\,5 - A recently ejected common envelope?
An ALMA Dynamical Mass Estimate of the Proposed Planetary-mass Companion FW Tau C
对行星质量体系的动力学质量估计有助于理解行星形成。我们提出了阿塔卡马大型毫米/亚毫米阵列（ALMA）的FW Tau C，一个建议的~10 $M_{\rm Jup}$行星质量的同伴在~330 au的主机二进制FW Tau AB的1.3毫米观测。我们对FW Tau C在${}^{12}$ CO（2-1）中的吸积盘进行了空间和光谱分辨.通过模拟气体的开普勒旋转，我们得到了~0.1 $M_\odot$的动力学质量。因此，FW Tau C不太可能是一颗行星，而是一颗具有高度倾斜盘的低质量恒星。这也表明FW Tau是一个由三颗~0.1 $M_\odot$星组成的三重系统。
We present the analysis of a peculiar W~Virginis (pWVir) type-II Cepheid, OGLE-LMC-T2CEP-211 ($P_{puls}=9.393\,d$), in a double-lined binary system ($P_{orb}=242\,d$), which shed light on virtually unknown evolutionary status and structure of pWVir stars. The dynamical mass of the Cepheid (first ever for a type-II Cepheid) is $0.64\pm{}0.02\,M_\odot$ and the radius $R=25.1\pm{}0.3\,R_\odot$. The companion is a massive ($5.67\,M_\odot$) main-sequence star obscured by a disk. Such configuration suggests a mass transfer in the system history. We found that originally the system ($P_{orb}^{init}=1…
Based on the photographic and the CCD observations of the relative motion of A, B components of the binary system ADS~9346 obtained with the 26-inch refractor of the Pulkovo Observatory during 1979-2019, we discover an invisible companion associated with the A-star. Comparison of the ephemerides with the positional and the spectroscopic observations allowed us to calculate the preliminary orbit of the photocenter ($P=15$ years). The minimal mass of the companion is approximately $0.13~M_\odot$. The existence of the invisible low-mass companion is implied by the IR-excess based on the IRAS data…
Motivated by the discovery of a handful of pulsating, extremely low mass white dwarfs (ELM WDs, mass $M \lesssim 0.17\, M_\odot$) which likely have WD companions, this paper discusses binary formation models for these systems. Formation of an ELM WD by unstable mass transfer (MT) or a common envelope (CE) event is unlikely. Stable Roche-lobe overflow with conservative MT produces only $M \gtrsim 0.2\, M_\odot$. This paper discusses the formation of ELM WD using angular momentum losses by magnetic braking. The initially more massive star becomes the companion WD through a CE event. The initiall…
van den Heuvel & Tauris argue that if the red giant star in the system 2MASS J05215658+4359220 has a mass of 1 solar mass (M$_\odot$), then its unseen companion could be a binary composed of two 0.9 M$_\odot$ stars, making a triple system. We contend that the existing data are most consistent with a giant of mass $3.2^{+1.0}_{-1.0}$ M$_\odot$, implying a black hole companion of $3.3^{+2.8}_{-0.7}$ M$_\odot$.
We report the discovery of a stripped giant + lower giant binary, 2M04123153+6738486 (2M0412), identified during a search for non-interacting compact object-star binaries. 2M0412 is an evolved ($T_{\rm eff, giant}\simeq4000$ K), luminous ($L_{\rm giant}\simeq150~L_\odot$) red giant in a circular $P=81.2$ day binary. 2M0412 is a known variable star previously classified as a semi-regular variable. The cross-correlation functions of follow-up Keck/HIRES and LBT/PEPSI spectra show an RV-variable second component with implied mass ratio $q=M_{\rm giant}/M_{\rm comp}\simeq0.20\pm0.01$. The ASAS-SN,…
Disco in the Dust: Reflected light at the bow shock around Betelgeuse's companion explains its observed luminosity
Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University（哥伦比亚大学天体物理实验室）；Michigan State University（密歇根州立大学）；Rochester Institute of Technology（罗切斯特理工学院）；McWilliams Center for Cosmology and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学物理系麦克威廉斯宇宙学与天体物理中心）；University of Wyoming（怀俄明大学）；Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute（平顿研究所计算天体物理中心）；Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa（夏威夷大学马诺阿分校天文学研究所）；Konkoly Observatory, HUN-REN CSFK（孔科利天文台，匈牙利研究与教育网络科学院）；Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics and Astronomy（厄特沃什·罗兰大学物理与天文学研究所）
We present orbital fits and dynamical masses for HIP 113201AB and HIP 36985AB, two M1 + mid-M dwarf binary systems monitored as part of the SPHERE SHINE survey. To robustly determine ages via gyrochronology, we undertook a photometric monitoring campaign for HIP 113201 and for GJ 282AB, the two wide K star companions to HIP 36985, using the 40 cm Remote Observatory Atacama Desert (ROAD) telescope. We adopt ages of 1.2$\pm$0.1 Gyr for HIP 113201AB and 750$\pm$100 Myr for HIP 36985AB. To derive dynamical masses for all components of these systems, we used parallel-tempering Markov Chain Monte Ca…
