Aims. Hard X-ray spectra of black hole binaries (BHB) are produced by Comptonization of soft seed photons by hot electrons near the black hole. The slope of the resulting ray spectra is governed by two main parameters: the electron temperature and the optical depth of the emitting plasma. Given the extreme brightness of V404~Cyg during the 2015 outburst, we aim to constrain the source spectral properties using an unprecedented time resolution in hard X-rays, and to monitor their evolution over the outburst. Methods. We have extracted and analyzed 602 X-ray spectra of V404 Cyg obtained by the IBIS/ISGRI instrument on-board INTEGRAL during the 2015 June outburst, using effective integration times ranging between 8 and 176000 seconds. We have fit the resulting spectra in the 20-200 keV energy range. Results. We find that while the light curve and soft X-ray spectra of V404 Cyg are remarkably different from those of other BHBs, the spectral evolution of V404~Cyg in hard X-rays and the relations between the spectral parameters are consistent with those observed in other BHBs. We identify a hard branch} where the electron temperature is anti-correlated with the hard X-ray flux, and a soft flaring branch where the relation reverses. In addition, we find that during long X-ray plateaus detected at intermediate fluxes, the thermal Comptonization models fail to describe the spectra. However, the statistics improve if we allow the absorption to vary freely in the fits to these spectra. Conclusions. We conclude that the hard branch in V404 Cyg is analogous to the canonical hard state of BHBs. V404~Cyg never seems to enter the canonical soft state, although the soft flaring branch bears resemblance to the BHB intermediate state and ultra-luminous state. The X-ray plateaus are likely the result of absorption by a Compton-thick outflow which reduces the observed flux by a factor of about 10.[abridged]
We report on Fermi/Large Area Telescope observations of the accreting black hole low-mass X-ray binary V404 Cygni during its outburst in June-July 2015. Detailed analyses reveal a possible excess of $γ$-ray emission on 26 June 2015, with a very soft spectrum above $100$ MeV, at a position consistent with the direction of V404 Cyg (within the $95\%$ confidence region and a chance probability of $4 \times 10^{-4}$). This emission cannot be associated with any previously-known Fermi source. Its temporal coincidence with the brightest radio and hard X-ray flare in the lightcurve of V404 Cyg, at th…
On 2015 June 15 the burst alert telescope (BAT) on board {\em Swift} detected an X-ray outburst from the black hole transient V404 Cyg. We monitored V404 Cyg for the last 10 years with the 2-m Faulkes Telescope North in three optical bands (V, R, and i$^{'}$). We found that, one week prior to this outburst, the optical flux was 0.1--0.3 mag brighter than the quiescent orbital modulation, implying an optical precursor to the X-ray outburst. There is also a hint of a gradual optical decay (years) followed by a rise lasting two months prior to the outburst. We fortuitously obtained an optical spe…
V404 Cygni was discovered in 1989 by the $Ginga$ X-ray satellite during its only previously observed X-ray outburst and soon after confirmed as a black hole binary. On June 15, 2015, the Gamma Ray Burst Monitor (GBM) triggered on a new outburst of V404 Cygni. We present 13 days of GBM observations of this outburst including Earth occultation flux measurements, spectral and temporal analysis. The Earth occultation fluxes reached 30 Crab with detected emission to 100 keV and determined, via hardness ratios, that the source was in a hard state. At high luminosity, spectral analysis between 8 and …
We present the results of our intensive radio observing campaign of the dwarf nova SS Cyg during its 2010 April outburst. We argue that the observed radio emission was produced by synchrotron emission from a transient radio jet. Comparing the radio light curves from previous and subsequent outbursts of this system (including high-resolution observations from outbursts in 2011 and 2012) shows that the typical long and short outbursts of this system exhibit reproducible radio outbursts that do not vary significantly between outbursts, which is consistent with the similarity of the observed optic…
The outburst of V404 Cyg during the summer of 2015 reached unparalleled intensities at X-ray and soft gamma-ray energies with fluxes \( > 50\) Crab in the \(20-50\) keV energy band. To date, studies in the hard X-ray/soft gamma-ray energy domain have focused primarily on the energy spectra. In this work, timing analysis has been performed with \textit{INTEGRAL}/SPI data in the \(20-300\) keV energy range for \textit{INTEGRAL} revolution 1557, which corresponds to the brightest flare of V404 Cyg (on June, 26). The power spectra are fit with broken power-law and multi-Lorentzian models and compa…
Low mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) show evidence of a global correlation of debated origin between X-ray and optical luminosity. We study for the first time this correlation in two transient LMXBs, the black hole V404 Cyg and the neutron star Cen X-4, over 6 orders of magnitude in X-ray luminosity, from outburst to quiescence. After subtracting the contribution from the companion star, the Cen X-4 data can be described by a single power law correlation of the form $L_{opt}\propto\,L_{X}^{0.44}$, consistent with disk reprocessing. We find a similar correlation slope for V404 Cyg in quiescence (0.4…
Accreting white dwarfs in binary systems known as cataclysmic variables (CVs) have in recent years been shown to produce radio flares during outbursts, qualitatively similar to those observed from neutron star and black hole X-ray binaries, but their ubiquity and energetic significance for the accretion flow has remained uncertain. We present new radio observations of the CV SS Cyg with Arcminute Microkelvin Imager Large Array, which show for the second time late-ouburst radio flaring, in April 2016. This flaring occurs during the optical flux decay phase, about ten days after the well-establi…
We report results from a Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) monitoring campaign on the black hole X-ray binary V404 Cygni during its 2015 June outburst. The GMRT observations were carried out at observing frequencies of 1280, 610, 325 and 235 MHz, and extended from June 26.89 UT (a day after the strongest radio/X-ray outburst) to July 12.93 UT. We find the low-frequency radio emission of V404 Cygni to be extremely bright and fast-decaying in the outburst phase, with an inverted spectrum below 1.5 GHz and an intermediate X-ray state. The radio emission settles to a weak, quiescent state $\a…
We present multi-frequency monitoring observations of the black hole X-ray binary V404 Cygni throughout its June 2015 outburst. Our data set includes radio and mm/sub-mm photometry, taken with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array, Arc-Minute MicroKelvin Imager Large Array, Sub-millimeter Array, James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, and the Northern Extended Millimetre Array, combined with publicly available infrared, optical, UV, and X-ray measurements. With these data, we report detailed diagnostics of the spectral and variability properties of the jet emission observed during different stages of thi…
The 2015 Outburst of V404 Cygni is an unusual one with several X-ray and radio flares and rapid variation in the spectral and timing properties. The outburst occurred after $26$ years of inactivity of the black hole. We study the accretion flow properties of the source during its initial phase of the outburst using {\it Swift}/XRT and {\it Swift}/BAT data in the energy range of $0.5-150$ keV. We have done spectral analysis with the two-component advective flow (TCAF) model fits file. Several flow parameters such as two types of accretion rates (Keplerian disk and sub-Keplerian halo), shock par…
The AGILE satellite detected transient high-energy gamma-ray emission from the X-ray binary V404 Cygni, during the June 2015 outburst observed in radio, optical, X-ray and soft gamma-ray frequencies. The activity was observed by AGILE in the 50-400 MeV energy band, between 2015-06-24 UT 06:00:00 and 2015-06-26 UT 06:00:00 (MJD 57197.25 - 57199.25), with a detection significance of ${\sim}4.3σ$. The gamma-ray detection, consistent with a contemporaneous observation by Fermi-LAT, is correlated with a bright flare observed at radio and hard X-ray frequencies, and with a strong enhancement of the …
A strong outburst of the X-ray transient V404 Cygni (= GS2023-338) was observed in 2015 June/July up to a level of 50 Crab in the hard X-ray domain. At this level of photon flux, an instrument's behavior may be severely tested and some instrumental artifacts could affect the data analysis. We are interested in the SPI instrument aboard the INTEGRAL mission and have performed thorough checks to ensure a correct handling of the data. By analyzing the observations throughout the outburst, we have observed that the high energy domain (above 500 keV) sometimes exhibits unexpected features which are…
In December 2015 the black hole binary V404 Cyg underwent a secondary outburst after the main June 2015 event. We monitored this re-brightening with the INTEGRAL and Swift satellites, and in this paper we report the results of the time-resolved spectral analysis of these data. The December outburst shared similar characteristics with the June one. The well sampled INTEGRAL light curve shows up to 10 Crab flares, which are separated by relatively weak non-flaring emission phases when compared to the June outburst. The spectra are well described by absorbed Comptonization models, with hard photo…
In June 2015, the black hole X-ray binary (BHXRB) V404 Cygni went into outburst for the first time since 1989. Here, we present a comprehensive search for quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) of V404 Cygni during its recent outburst, utilizing data from six instruments on board five different X-ray missions: Swift/XRT, Fermi/GBM, Chandra/ACIS, INTEGRAL's IBIS/ISGRI and JEM-X, and NuSTAR. We report the detection of a QPO at 18 mHz simultaneously with both Fermi/GBM and Swift/XRT, another example of a rare but slowly growing new class of mHz-QPOs in BHXRBs linked to sources with a high orbital inc…
The black hole transient V404 Cygni exhibited a bright outburst in June 2015 that was intensively followed over a wide range of wavelengths. Our team obtained high time resolution optical spectroscopy (~90 s), which included a detailed coverage of the most active phase of the event. We present a database consisting of 651 optical spectra obtained during this event, that we combine with 58 spectra gathered during the fainter December 2015 sequel outburst, as well as with 57 spectra from the 1989 event. We previously reported the discovery of wind-related features (P-Cygni and broad-wing line pr…
We present a multiwavelength analysis of the simultaneous optical and X-ray light curves of the microquasar V404 Cyg during the June 2015 outburst. We have performed a comprehensive analysis of all the INTEGRAL/IBIS, JEM-X, and OMC observations during the brightest epoch of the outburst, along with complementary NuSTAR, AAVSO, and VSNET data, to examine the timing relationship between the simultaneous optical and X-ray light curves, in order to understand the emission mechanisms and physical locations. We have identified all optical flares which have simultaneous X-ray observations, and perfor…
Our simultaneous three-colour ($BVR$) polarimetric observations of the low-mass black hole X-ray binary V404 Cyg show a small but statistically significant change of polarization degree ($Δp \sim 1$ per cent) between the outburst in June 2015 and the quiescence. The polarization of V404 Cyg in the quiescent state agrees within the errors with that of the visually close (1\farcs4) companion ($p_{R} = 7.3\pm 0.1$ per cent), indicating that it is predominantly of interstellar origin. The polarization pattern of the surrounding field stars supports this conclusion. From the observed variable polar…
We present a serendipitous multiwavelength campaign of optical photometry simultaneous with Integral X-ray monitoring of the 2015 outburst of the black hole V404 Cyg. Large amplitude optical variability is generally correlated with X-rays, with lags of order a minute or less compatible with binary light travel timescales or jet ejections. Rapid optical flaring on time-scales of seconds or less is incompatible with binary light-travel timescales and has instead been associated with synchrotron emission from a jet. Both this rapid jet response and the lagged and smeared one can be present simult…
The black hole binary V404 Cygni (= GS 2023+338) had an outburst on June 15, 2015 after 26 years of quiescence. We report the multi-color optical observation (g', Rc, and Ic) of this object at the beginning of its outburst performed by the MITSuME 50cm telescope in Akeno, Yamanashi, and the MURIKABUSHI 105 cm Telescope at Ishigakijima Astronomical Observatory. With time domain analysis of the multi-color light curves, we successfully decomposed optical variations into two components: a highly-variable, and a little-variable component. The loci of the little-variable component in the color-colo…
We study the spectral and temporal characteristics of the source GS 2023$+$338 (V404 Cyg) during the initial phase of its June 2015 outburst, over the energy range of 0.5 - 150 keV. This is the first detailed study of the characteristics of this source based on {\it SWIFT} observations, being reported. Based on our analysis, we understand that the source existed in the hard, intermediate and soft spectral states. We find that the evolution of the spectral parameters, the hardness intensity diagram and the rms-intensity diagram are not similar to those observed for most of the outbursting black…
Context. This observational paper has been prepared in the context of the large multi-wavelength effort by many observers with the aim of following up the transient flaring event of V404 Cygni that took place for several weeks in 2015 June. Aims. Our main original aim was to contribute to the study of this transient source by acquiring broad-band photometric observations during its most active flaring phases. Nevertheless, after a detailed analysis of the data, several interesting results were obtained that encouraged a dedicated publication. Methods. The methodology used was based on broad-ba…
We revisit the well-studied outburst of the low mass X-ray binary (LMXB) system V404 Cygni, and claims of gamma-ray excesses observed with the Fermi-LAT instrument. Upon analysing an 11.5 year dataset with the 8-year LAT point source catalogue and 8-year background models, we find no evidence to suggest that there is high energy gamma-ray emission during the outburst period (or at any other time) from V404 Cygni. This is due to the proximity of V404 Cygni to the gamma-ray emitting blazar B2023+336, a luminous source approximately 0.3 degrees away, which causes source confusion at the position …
The black-hole binary V404 Cyg entered the outburst phase in June 2015 after 26 years of X-ray quiescence, and with its behaviour broke the outburst evolution pattern typical of most black-hole binaries. We observed the entire outburst with the Swift satellite and performed time-resolved spectroscopy of its most active phase, obtaining over a thousand spectra with exposures from tens to hundreds of seconds. All the spectra can be fitted with an absorbed power law model, which most of the time required the presence of a partial covering. A blue-shifted iron-Kalpha line appears in 10% of the spe…
We present optical multi-colour photometry of V404 Cyg during the outburst from December, 2015 to January, 2016 together with the simultaneous X-ray data. This outburst occurred less than 6 months after the previous outburst in June-July, 2015. These two outbursts in 2015 were of a slow rise and rapid decay-type and showed large-amplitude ($\sim$2 mag) and short-term ($\sim$10 min-3 hours) optical variations even at low luminosity (0.01-0.1$L_{\rm Edd}$). We found correlated optical and X-ray variations in two $\sim$1 hour time intervals and performed Bayesian time delay estimations between th…
V1363 Cyg is a cataclysmic variable (CV) and a post-nova. Our analysis of its long-term optical activity used the archival data from the AAVSO database and literature. We showed that the accretion disk of V1363 Cyg is exposed to the thermal-viscous instability (TVI) for at least part of the time. The time fraction spent in the high state or the outbursts dramatically changed on the timescale of decades. Highly variable brightness of V1363 Cyg displayed several episodes of a strong brightening (bumps in the light curve) from a cool disk in the TVI zone. In the interpretation, their vastly discr…
Disk instability model incorporating a variable inner disk radius in SS Cyg and U Gem
Advanced Research Center for Space Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University（金泽大学理工学研究科宇宙科学先进技术研究中心）；Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo（东京大学理学部天文学系）
The microquasar V404 Cygni (also known as GS 2023+338) was previously reported to have weak GeV gamma-ray emission in sub-day time periods during its 2015 outburst. In order to provide more detailed information at the high energy range for this black hole binary system, we conduct analysis to the data obtained with the Large Area Telescope (LAT) onboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (Fermi). Both LAT database and source catalog used are the latest. In addition to the previously reported detection at the peak of the 2015 outburst, we find possible detection ($\sim 4σ$) of the source durin…
After more than 26 years in quiescence, the black hole transient V404 Cyg went into a luminous outburst in June 2015, and additional activity was detected in late December of the same year. Here, we present an optical spectroscopic follow-up of the December mini-outburst, together with X-ray, optical and radio monitoring that spanned more than a month. Strong flares with gradually increasing intensity are detected in the three spectral ranges during the ~10 days following the Swift trigger. Our optical spectra reveal the presence of a fast outflowing wind, as implied by the detection of a P-Cy…
We present first results from a series of $NuSTAR$ observations of the black hole X-ray binary V404 Cyg obtained during its summer 2015 outburst, primarily focusing on observations during the height of this outburst activity. The $NuSTAR$ data show extreme variability in both the flux and spectral properties of the source. This is partly driven by strong and variable line-of-sight absorption, similar to previous outbursts. The latter stages of this observation are dominated by strong flares, reaching luminosities close to Eddington. During these flares, the central source appears to be relativ…
The connection between accretion and jet production in accreting white dwarf binary systems, especially dwarf novae, is not well understood. Radio wavelengths provide key insights into the mechanisms responsible for accelerating electrons, including jets and outflows. Here we present densely-sampled radio coverage, obtained with the Arcminute MicroKelvin Imager Large Array, of the dwarf nova SS Cyg during its February 2016 anomalous outburst. The outburst displayed a slower rise (3 days per mag) in the optical than typical ones, and lasted for more than 3 weeks. Rapid radio flaring on timescal…
The black-hole binary, V404 Cygni, went into outburst in June 2015, after 26 years of X-ray quiescence. We observed the outburst with the Neil Gehrels Swift observatory. We present optical/UV observations taken with the Swift Ultra-violet Optical Telescope, and compare them with the X-ray observations obtained with the Swift X-ray Telescope. We find that dust extinction affecting the optical/UV, does not correlate with absorption due to neutral hydrogen that affects the X-ray emission. We suggest there is a small inhomogeneous high density absorber containing a negligible amount of dust, close…
During its strong outburst of 2015 June/July, the X-ray transient V404 Cygni (= GS2023+338) was observed up to a level of 50 Crab in the hard X-ray domain. We focus here on a particularly intense episode preceeding a definitive decline of the source activity. We benefit from large signal-to-noise ratios to investigate the source spectral variability on a timescale of 5 minutes. A Hardness-Intensity study of three broad bands reveals clearly different behaviors at low and high energy (below and above around 100 keV). In particular, on two occasions, the source intensity varies by a factor of 3-…
We present simultaneous optical and near-infrared (NIR) polarimetric results for the black hole binary V404 Cygni spanning the duration of its 7-day long optically-brightest phase of its 2015 June outburst. The simultaneous R and Ks-band light curves showed almost the same temporal variation except for the isolated (~30 min duration) orphan Ks-band flare observed at MJD 57193.54. We did not find any significant temporal variation of polarization degree (PD) and position angle (PA) in both R and Ks bands throughout our observations, including the duration of the orphan NIR flare. We show that t…
We present a combined analysis of the Chandra and Swift observations of the 2015 X-ray echo of V404 Cygni. Using stacking analysis, we identify eight separate rings in the echo. We reconstruct the soft X-ray lightcurve of the June 2015 outburst using the high-resolution Chandra images and cross-correlations of the radial intensity profiles, indicating that about 70% of the outburst fluence occurred during the bright flare at the end of the outburst on MJD 57199.8.By deconvolving the intensity profiles with the reconstructed outburst lightcurve, we show that the rings correspond to eight separa…
We present observations of rapid (sub-second) optical flux variability in V404 Cyg during its 2015 June outburst. Simultaneous three-band observations with the ULTRACAM fast imager on four nights show steep power spectra dominated by slow variations on ~100-1000s timescales. Near the peak of the outburst on June 26, a dramatic change occurs and additional, persistent sub-second optical flaring appears close in time to giant radio and X-ray flaring. The flares reach peak optical luminosities of ~few x 10^{36} erg/s. Some are unresolved down to a time resolution of 24 milliseconds. Whereas the f…
We present simultaneous X-ray and radio observations of the black hole X-ray binary V404 Cygni at the end of its 2015 outburst. From 2015 July 11-August 5 we monitored V404 Cygni with Chandra, Swift, and NuSTAR in the X-ray, and with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array and the Very Long Baseline Array in the radio, spanning a range of luminosities that were poorly covered during its previous outburst in 1989 (our 2015 campaign covers 2e33<Lx<1e34 erg/s). During our 2015 campaign, the X-ray spectrum evolved rapidly from a hard photon index of Gamma~1.6 (at Lx~1e34 erg/s) to a softer Gamma~2 (at…
We report on FORS2 optical spectroscopy of the black hole X-ray binary V404 Cygni, performed at the very beginning of its 2015 outburst decay, complemented by quasi-simultaneous $Swift$ X-ray and ultra-violet as well as REM near-infrared observations. Its peculiar spectrum is dominated by a wealth of emission signatures of HI, HeI, and higher ionisation species, in particular FeII. The spectral features are divided between broad red-shifted and narrow stationary varieties, the latter being emitted in the outer regions. Continuum and line variability at short time scale is high and we find Bald…
We present results of multiband optical photometry of the black hole X-ray binary system V404 Cygni obtained using Wheaton College Observatory's 0.3m telescope, along with strictly simultaneous INTEGRAL and Swift observations during 2015 June 25.15--26.33 UT, and 2015 June 27.10--27.34 UT. These observations were made during the 2015 June outburst of the source when it was going through an epoch of violent activity in all wavelengths ranging from radio to $γ$-rays. The multiwavelength variability timescale favors a compact emission region, most likely originating in a jet outflow, for both obs…
Microquasars are stellar-mass black holes accreting matter from a companion star and ejecting plasma jets at almost the speed of light. They are analogues of quasars that contain supermassive black holes of $10^6$ to $10^{10}$ solar masses. Accretion in microquasars varies on much shorter timescales than in quasars and occasionally produces exceptionally bright X-ray flares. How the flares are produced is unclear, as is the mechanism for launching the relativistic jets and their composition. An emission line near 511 kiloelectronvolts has long been sought in the emission spectrum of microquasa…
Transient X-ray binaries produce major outbursts in which the X-ray flux can increase over the quiescent level by factors as large as $10^7$. The low-mass X-ray binary V 404 Cyg and the high-mass system 4U 0115+634 underwent such major outbursts in June and October 2015, respectively. We present here observations at energies above hundreds of GeV with the VERITAS observatory taken during some of the brightest X-ray activity ever observed from these systems. No gamma-ray emission has been detected by VERITAS in 2.5 hours of observations of the microquasar V 404 Cyg from 2015, June 20-21. The up…
We present optical and near-IR linear polarimetry of V404 Cyg during its 2015 outburst and in quiescence. We obtained time resolved r'-band polarimetry when the source was in outburst, near-IR polarimetry when the source was near quiescence and multiple wave-band optical polarimetry later in quiescence. The optical to near-IR linear polarization spectrum can be described by interstellar dust and an intrinsic variable component. The intrinsic optical polarization, detected during the rise of one of the brightest flares of the outburst, is variable, peaking at 4.5 per cent and decaying to 3.5 pe…
Typical black hole binaries in outburst show spectral states and transitions, characterized by a clear connection between the inflow onto the black hole and outflow from its vicinity. The transient stellar mass black hole binary V404 Cyg apparently does not fit in this picture. Its outbursts are characterized by intense flares and intermittent low-flux states, with a dynamical range of several orders of magnitude on timescales of hours. During the 2015 June-July X-ray outburst a joint Swift and INTEGRAL observing campaign captured V404 Cyg in one of these low-flux states. The simultaneous Swif…
Waseda University Nasu telescope array is a spatial fast Fourier transform (FFT) interferometer consisting of eight linearly aligned antennas with 20 m spherical dishes. This type of interferometer was developed to survey transient radio sources with an angular resolution as high as that of a 160 m dish with a field of view as wide as that of a 20 m dish. We have been performing drift-scan-mode observations, in which the telescope scans the sky around a selected declination as the earth rotates. The black hole X-ray binary V404 Cygni underwent a new outburst in 2015 June after a quiescent peri…
Accretion of matter onto black holes is universally associated with strong radiative feedback and powerful outflows. In particular, black hole transients show outflows whose properties are strongly coupled to those of the accretion flow. This includes X-ray winds of ionized material, expelled from the accretion disc encircling the black hole, and collimated radio jets. Very recently, a distinct optical variability pattern has been reported in the transient black hole transient V404 Cyg, and interpreted as disrupted mass flow into the inner regions of its large accretion disc. Here, we report o…
Using a theoretical model, we track the thermal evolution of a cooling neutron star crust after an accretion induced heating period with the goal of constraining the crustal parameters. We present for the first time a crust cooling model $-\text{ } NSCool\text{ } -$ that takes into account detailed variability during the full outburst based on the observed light curve. We apply our model to KS 1731-260. The source was in outburst for $\sim$12 years during which it was observed to undergo variations on both long (years) and short (days-weeks) timescales. Our results show that KS 1731-260 does n…
Black hole transients during bright outbursts show distinct changes of their spectral and variability properties as they evolve during an outburst, that are interpreted as evidence for changes in the accretion flow and X-ray emitting regions. We obtained an anticipated XMM-Newton ToO observation of H 1743-322 during its outburst in September 2014. Based on data of eight outbursts observed in the last 10 years we expected to catch the start of the hard-to-soft state transition. The fact that neither the general shape of the observed power density spectrum nor the characteristic frequency show a…
