“开放式创新”和“三重阻碍”创新模式：创新系统的协同作用可以测量吗？
"Open Innovation" and "Triple Helix" Models of Innovation: Can Synergy in Innovation Systems Be Measured?
摘要：
“开放式创新”（OI）的模式可以与“大学-产业-政府关系的三重障碍”（TH）相比较，因为它试图通过使产业创新更接近公共研发来寻找剩余价值。虽然公司在开放式创新模型中处于中心地位，但TH增加了多中心性：除了公司，大学和（例如，区域）政府可以在创新生态系统中发挥主导作用。除了在每一时刻的（横向）技术转让之外，人们还可以关注反馈回路中的动态。在特定条件下，反馈回路可以转变为前馈回路，推动创新生态系统走向自组织和自动催化产生新的选择。对于以知识为基础的创新系统的长期可行性而言，提出备选办法可能比历史上的实现（“最佳做法”）更为重要。例如，一个没有足够选择的系统是被锁定的。冗余的产生-三重障碍指标-可以用来衡量在历史配置下未实现但技术上可行的备选方案。不同的协调机制（市场、政策、知识）对相同的信息提供不同的视角，从而产生冗余。增加冗余不仅可以通过减少普遍的不确定性来刺激生态系统的创新;还可以增强创新系统的协同作用和创新性。
英文摘要：
The model of "Open Innovations" (OI) can be compared with the "Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations" (TH) as attempts to find surplus value in bringing industrial innovation closer to public R&D. Whereas the firm is central in the model of OI, the TH adds multi-centeredness: in addition to firms, universities and (e.g., regional) governments can take leading roles in innovation eco-systems. In addition to the (transversal) technology transfer at each moment of time, one can focus on the dynamics in the feedback loops. Under specifiable conditions, feedback loops can be turned into feedforward ones that drive innovation eco-systems towards self-organization and the auto-catalytic generation of new options. The generation of options can be more important than historical realizations ("best practices") for the longer-term viability of knowledge-based innovation systems. A system without sufficient options, for example, is locked-in. The generation of redundancy -- the Triple Helix indicator -- can be used as a measure of unrealized but technologically feasible options given a historical configuration. Different coordination mechanisms (markets, policies, knowledge) provide different perspectives on the same information and thus generate redundancy. Increased redundancy not only stimulates innovation in an eco-system by reducing the prevailing uncertainty; it also enhances the synergy in and innovativeness of an innovation system.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
