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arXiv 1606.08088astro-ph.EPphysics.ao-ph
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Kepler 11行星的原地和离地形成模型

In Situ and Ex Situ Formation Models of Kepler 11 Planets

Gennaro D'Angelo, Peter Bodenheimer

摘要:

我们提出了六个开普勒11行星的形成模拟。模型假设在原地或异地组装,后者与迁移,并演变到系统的估计年龄,8 Gyr。模型结合了对气体包层和凝聚核心结构的详细计算,包括气体和固体的吸积,盘的粘性和热演化,包括光蒸发和盘-行星相互作用,以及盘分散后行星的蒸发质量损失。行星间的相互作用被忽略了。这两组模拟都成功地再现了行星的测量半径,质量和轨道距离,除了开普勒11b的半径,它在形成后不久就失去了整个气体包层。气态(H+He)包层占行星质量的18%以下,占行星半径的35%至60%。原位模型预测了一个非常巨大的内盘,其固体的表面密度(sigma_Z)在0.1 < r < 0.5 AU的星心距离处从1 e4到1 e3 g/cm 2不等。如果局部形成固体,则初始气体密度将超过1 e5 g/cm 2。由于盘的温度很高(> 1000 K),行星内部只能由金属和高耐火材料组成。核心对氢的隔离和随后的释气需要解释开普勒11b的观测半径。非原位模型预测了一个相对低质量的盘,其初始sigma_Z在0.5 < r < 7 AU时从10到5 g/cm 2变化,其初始气体密度从1 e3到100 g/cm 2变化。所有的行星内部预计都富含H2O,因为核心组装大多发生在冰凝结锋的外部。开普勒11b预计有一个蒸汽大气层,H2O可能与其他行星的包层中的H+He混合。结果表明,开普勒11 g的质量可能并不比开普勒11 e大。

英文摘要:

We present formation simulations of the six Kepler 11 planets. Models assume either in situ or ex situ assembly, the latter with migration, and are evolved to the estimated age of the system, 8 Gyr. Models combine detailed calculations of both the gaseous envelope and the condensed core structures, including accretion of gas and solids, of the disk's viscous and thermal evolution, including photo-evaporation and disk-planet interactions, and of the planets' evaporative mass loss after disk dispersal. Planet-planet interactions are neglected. Both sets of simulations successfully reproduce measured radii, masses, and orbital distances of the planets, except for the radius of Kepler 11b, which loses its entire gaseous envelope shortly after formation. Gaseous (H+He) envelopes account for < 18% of the planet masses, and between 35 and 60% of the planet radii. In situ models predict a very massive inner disk, whose solids' surface density (sigma_Z) varies from over 1e4 to 1e3 g/cm2 at stellocentric distances 0.1 < r < 0.5 AU. Initial gas densities would be in excess of 1e5 g/cm2 if solids formed locally. Given the high disk temperatures (> 1000 K), planetary interiors can only be composed of metals and highly refractory materials. Sequestration of hydrogen by the core and subsequent outgassing is required to account for the observed radius of Kepler 11b. Ex situ models predict a relatively low-mass disk, whose initial sigma_Z varies from 10 to 5 g/cm2 at 0.5 < r < 7 AU and whose initial gas density ranges from 1e3 to 100 g/cm2. All planetary interiors are expected to be rich in H2O, as core assembly mostly occurs exterior to the ice condensation front. Kepler 11b is expected to have a steam atmosphere, and H2O is likely mixed with H+He in the envelopes of the other planets. Results indicate that Kepler 11g may not be more massive than Kepler 11e.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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