在高能物理实验中,高粒度硅跟踪探测器产生的数据量对读出系统构成了重大挑战。在高碰撞率下,例如在LHC实验中,只有一小部分数据可以用目前使用的技术读出。为了满足未来或升级实验的要求,需要新的数据传输技术,这些技术在低功率和低材料预算下提供高数据速率。在60 GHz频带或更高频率下工作的无线技术提供高数据速率,因此是通过电缆或光纤进行传统数据传输的有前途的替代方案。使用无线技术,探测器中的电缆和连接器数量可以显著减少。跟踪探测器最大的好处是减少了材料预算,因为次级粒子相互作用较少(多次库仑散射,能量损失等)。总体上提高了跟踪性能。我们提出了关于在60 GHz的无线技术集成到硅跟踪探测器的可行性研究。ATLAS实验的备用硅条模块在60 GHz范围内测量为不透明的。研究了降低链路间串扰的方法。最大可实现的链路密度的估计。它示出,无线链路可以放置为接近2厘米彼此相邻的层距离为10厘米,通过利用以下措施中的一个或几个:高度定向天线,吸收器,线性极化和频率通道。结合这些措施,高达11 Tb/(s $\cdot$ m $^2$)的数据速率区域密度似乎是可行的。此外,两种类型的硅传感器在毫米波辐照下进行了测试。未观察到两种原型的性能劣化。
英文摘要:
The amount of data produced by highly granular silicon tracking detectors in high energy physics experiments poses a major challenge to readout systems. At high collision rates, e.g. at LHC experiments, only a small fraction of data can be read out with currently used technologies. To cope with the requirements of future or upgraded experiments new data transfer techniques are required which offer high data rates at low power and low material budget. Wireless technologies operating in the 60 GHz band or at higher frequencies offer high data rates and are thus a promising upcoming alternative to conventional data transmission via electrical cables or optical fibers. Using wireless technology, the amount of cables and connectors in detectors can be significantly reduced. Tracking detectors profit most from a reduced material budget as fewer secondary particle interactions (multiple Coulomb scattering, energy loss, etc.) improve the tracking performance in general. We present feasibility studies regarding the integration of the wireless technology at 60 GHz into a silicon tracking detector. Spare silicon strip modules of the ATLAS experiment are measured to be opaque in the 60 GHz range. The reduction of cross talk between links is studied. An estimate of the maximum achievable link density is given. It is shown that wireless links can be placed as close as 2 cm next to each other for a layer distance of 10 cm by exploiting one or several of the following measures: highly directive antennas, absorbers, linear polarization and frequency channeling. Combining these measures, a data rate area density of up to 11 Tb/(s $\cdot$ m$^2$) seems feasible. In addition, two types of silicon sensors are tested under mm-wave irradiation . No deterioration of the performance of both prototypes is observed.
CCAT: a two-octave 1.024 GHz KID readout featuring an overlap-channel polyphase synthesis filter bank on RFSoC
University of British Columbia(不列颠哥伦比亚大学);Johns Hopkins University(约翰斯·霍普金斯大学);Dalhousie University(达尔豪斯大学);McGill University(麦吉尔大学);University of California, Riverside(加州大学河滨分校);Cornell University(康奈尔大学)
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center(美国宇航局戈达德太空飞行中心);NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory(美国宇航局喷气推进实验室);School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University(亚利桑那州立大学地球与空间探索学院);Department of Physics, Arizona State University(亚利桑那州立大学物理系)
CCAT: Design, Implementation, and Testing of a System to Read Out over 10,000 280 GHz KIDs using RFSoC Electronics
Cornell University(康奈尔大学);National Institute of Standards and Technology(美国国家标准与技术研究院);University of British Columbia(不列颠哥伦比亚大学);Dalhousie University(达尔豪斯大学);University of California, Riverside(加州大学河滨分校);Arizona State University(亚利桑那州立大学)
An Open Source RFSoC-based Readout Electronics System for Arrays of Kinetic Inductance Detectors and Superconducting Resonators
Arizona State University(亚利桑那州立大学);California Institute of Technology(加州理工学院);NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory(美国国家航空航天局喷气推进实验室);University of Virginia(弗吉尼亚大学);Johns Hopkins University(约翰斯·霍普金斯大学);Custom Design and Instrumentation, LLC(Custom Design and Instrumentation有限责任公司)
Integration and characterization of Readout Electronics System for dN/dx Measurement with Drift Chamber Prototype
Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院高能物理研究所);Spallation Neutron Source Science Center(散裂中子源科学中心);University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院大学)
Development of Low-Noise Two-stage dc-SQUID for TES Detector Readout
State Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, CAS(中国科学院高能物理研究所粒子天体物理国家重点实验室);State Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院上海微系统与信息技术研究所集成电路材料国家重点实验室);Shandong University(山东大学);Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT)(山东高等技术研究院);Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University(山东大学前沿交叉科学研究中心粒子物理与粒子辐照教育部重点实验室)
Multiplexed SiPM Readout of Plastic Scintillating Fiber Detector for Muon Tomography
Institute for Advanced Technology, Shandong University(山东大学前沿技术研究院);Particle Physics Research Center, Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology(山东大学前沿技术研究院粒子物理研究中心)