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arXiv 1507.08809astro-ph.EP
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原行星吸积过程中的偏心率演化

Eccentricity Evolution Through Accretion of Protoplanets

Yuji Matsumoto, Makiko Nagasawa, Shigeru Ida

摘要:

大多数由径向速度(RV)方法探测到的超级地球的偏心率明显小于对应于等于其表面逃逸速度的速度分散的偏心率(“逃逸偏心率”)。如果考虑轨道不稳定性,然后是从外部区域迁移的原行星之间的巨大碰撞,通常认为合并后的天体的偏心率与轨道交叉天体的偏心率相当,这些天体通过近距离散射被激发到它们的逃逸偏心率。然而,在{ \it in situ}吸积模型的偏心率演化还没有详细的研究。在这里,我们调查偏心率的演变,通过{ \it N}体模拟。我们已经发现,合并的行星往往有更小的偏心率比逃逸偏心率由于非常有效的碰撞阻尼。如果原行星的轨道最初分离得很好,并且它们的离心率安全地增加,那么内部的原行星会在远心处与外部的原行星在近心处相撞。对于这种构型,合并体的偏心率是最小的。轨道倾角也受到这种机制的抑制,行星倾向于共享同一个轨道平面,这与{ \it Kepler}数据一致。当我们从原行星密集的轨道开始计算时,并没有发现这种有效的碰撞阻尼。如果原行星初始处于平均运动共振状态,即轨道分离良好,则{ \it in situ}吸积模型较好地再现了RV和{ \it Kepler}巡天发现的多个超级地球/地球系统的偏心率和倾角特征。

英文摘要:

Most of super-Earths detected by the radial velocity (RV) method have significantly smaller eccentricities than the eccentricities corresponding to velocity dispersion equal to their surface escape velocity ("escape eccentricities"). If orbital instability followed by giant impacts among protoplanets that have migrated from outer region is considered, it is usually considered that eccentricities of the merged bodies become comparable to those of orbital crossing bodies, which are excited up to their escape eccentricities by close scattering. However, the eccentricity evolution in the {\it in situ} accretion model has not been studied in detail. Here, we investigate the eccentricity evolution through {\it N}-body simulations. We have found that the merged planets tend to have much smaller eccentricities than the escape eccentricities due to very efficient collision damping. If the protoplanet orbits are initially well separated and their eccentricities are securely increased, an inner protoplanet collides at its apocenter with an outer protoplanet at its pericenter. The eccentricity of the merged body is the smallest for such configuration. Orbital inclinations are also damped by this mechanism and planets tend to share a same orbital plane, which is consistent with {\it Kepler} data. Such efficient collision damping is not found when we start calculations from densely packed orbits of the protoplanets. If the protoplanets are initially in the mean-motion resonances, which corresponds to well separated orbits, the {\it in situ} accretion model well reproduces the features of eccentricities and inclinations of multiple super-Earths/Earth systems discovered by RV and {\it Kepler} surveys.

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