J. M. Bauer, P. F. Goldsmith, C. M. Bradford, A. J. Lovell
备注：
3 pages, 1 figure, a short whitepaper submitted in response to the Cosmic Origins Program Analysis Group Call for White Papers, in anticipation of the Far IR Surveyor Workshop, June 3rd - 5th 2015 at Caltech's Beckman Institute, Pasadena, California
位于30到50 AU之间的太阳系小天体通常被称为海王星外天体（TNO）。具有调查能力的远红外（FIR）任务，如未来的低温孔径大型红外空间望远镜天文台（CALISTO; Goldsmith et al. 2008），首次提供了真正探测TNO种群的潜力，以及相关种群，小到中等大小，距离太阳超过100 AU。
英文摘要：
The small solar-system bodies that reside between 30 and 50 AU are often referred to as the Trans Neptunian Objects, or TNOs. A far-infrared (FIR) mission with survey capabilities, like the prospective Cryogenic Aperture Large Infrared Space Telescope Observatory (CALISTO; Goldsmith et al. 2008), offers the potential for the first time of really probing the population of TNOs, and related populations, down to moderates sizes, and out to distances exceeding 100 AU from the Sun.
Colors and taxonomy of Centaurs and Trans-Neptunian Objects
对半人马座和海王星外天体（TNO）表面性质的研究提供了有关外太阳系早期条件和演化的重要信息。由于大多数这些遥远的冰体都很微弱，测光目前是调查其中统计上重要数量的最佳技术。我们的目标是研究大样本外太阳系小天体的颜色特性，并确定它们的分类。我们分别利用甚大望远镜（欧洲南方天文台）的FORS 2和ISAAC仪器对半人马座和TNO进行了可见光和近红外测光。使用G模式分析，我们根据Barucci et al.（2005 a）系统推导出分类学分类。我们报告了31个天体的光度观测，其中10个天体的颜色是首次报道。28个半人马和TNOs已被分配到一个分类。我们将整个样本的38个对象（28个对象来自这项工作，10个对象来自DeMeo et al. 2009 a）与以前分类的TNOs和半人马结合起来，寻找分类和动态之间的相关性。我们比较了我们的光度测量结果的文献数据，发现暗示的异质性表面的4个对象。
Most known trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) gravitationally scattering off the giant planets have orbital inclinations consistent with an origin from the classical Kuiper belt, but a small fraction of these "scattering TNOs" have inclinations that are far too large (i > 45 deg) for this origin. These scattering outliers have previously been proposed to be interlopers from the Oort cloud or evidence of an undiscovered planet. Here we test these hypotheses using N-body simulations and the 69 centaurs and scattering TNOs detected in the Outer Solar Systems Origins Survey and its predecessors. We co…
The outer Solar System contains a large number of small bodies (known as trans-Neptunian objects or TNOs) that exhibit diverse types of dynamical behavior. The classification of bodies in this distant region into dynamical classes -- sub-populations that experience similar orbital evolution -- aids in our understanding of the structure and formation of the Solar System. In this work, we propose an updated dynamical classification scheme for the outer Solar System. This approach includes the construction of a new (automated) method for identifying mean-motion resonances. We apply this algorithm…
Both Centaurs and trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) are minor bodies found in the outer Solar System. Centaurs are a transient population that moves between the orbits of Jupiter and Neptune, and they probably diffused out of the TNOs. TNOs move mainly beyond Neptune. Some of these objects display episodic cometary behaviour; a few percent of them are known to host binary companions. Here, we study the light-curves of two Centaurs -2060 Chiron (1977 UB) and 10199 Chariklo (1997 CU26)- and three TNOs -38628 Huya (2000 EB173), 28978 Ixion (2001 KX76), and 90482 Orcus (2004 DW)- and the colours of t…
White dwarfs (WDs) often show metal lines in their spectra, indicating accretion of asteroidal material. Our Sun is to become a WD in several Gyr. Here, we examine how the solar WD accretes from the three major small body populations: the main belt asteroids (MBAs), Jovian trojan asteroids (JTAs), and trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs). Owing to the solar mass loss during the giant branch, 40\% of the JTAs are lost but the vast majority of MBAs and TNOs survive. During the WD phase, objects from all three populations are sporadically scattered onto the WD, implying ongoing accretion. For young coo…
We present results from a new pipeline custom-designed to search for faint, undiscovered solar system bodies using full-frame image data from the NASA Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission. This pipeline removes the baseline flux of each pixel before aligning and co-adding frames along plausible orbital paths of interest. We first demonstrate the performance of the pipeline by recovering the signals of three trans-Neptunian objects -- 90377 Sedna ($V=20.64$), 2015 BP519 ($V=21.81$), and 2007 TG422 ($V=22.32$) -- both through shift-stacking along their known sky-projected paths a…
The aim of the chapter is to summarize our understanding of the compositional distribution across the different reservoirs of small bodies (main belt asteroids, giant planet trojans, irregular satellites of the giant planets, TNOs, comets). We then use this information to i) discuss current dynamical models (Nice and Grand Tack models), ii) mention possible caveats in these models if any, and iii) draw a preliminary version of the primordial compositional gradient across the solar system before planetary migrations occured. Note that the composition of both planetary satellites (the regular on…
Time series observations of the dwarf planet Haumea and the Plutinos 2003VS2 and 2003AZ84 with Herschel/PACS are presented in this work. Thermal emission of these trans-Neptunian objects were acquired as part of the TNOs are Cool Herschel Space Observatory key programme. We search for the thermal light curves at 100 and 160um of Haumea and 2003AZ84, and at 70 and 160um for 2003VS2 by means of photometric analysis of the PACS data. The goal of this work is to use these thermal light curves to obtain physical and thermophysical properties of these icy Solar System bodies. Haumea's thermal light …
The migration of Neptune's resonances through the proto-Kuiper belt has been imprinted in the distribution of small bodies in the outer Solar System. Here we analyze five published Neptune migration models in detail, focusing on the high pericenter distance (high-q) trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs) near Neptune's 5:2 and 3:1 mean-motion resonances, because they have large resonant populations, are outside the main classical belt, and are relatively isolated from other strong resonances. We compare the observationally biased output from these dynamical models with the detected TNOs from the Outer…
The combination of visible and thermal data from the ground and astrophysics space missions is key to improving the scientific understanding of near-Earth, main-belt, trojans, centaurs, and trans-Neptunian objects. To get full information on a small sample of selected bodies we combine different methods and techniques: lightcurve inversion, stellar occultations, thermophysical modeling, radiometric methods, radar ranging and adaptive optics imaging. The SBNAF project will derive size, spin and shape, thermal inertia, surface roughness, and in some cases bulk densities and even internal structu…
The planets of our solar system formed from a gas-dust disk. However, there are some properties of the solar system that are peculiar in this context. First, the cumulative mass of all objects beyond Neptune (TNOs) is only a fraction of what one would expect. Second, unlike the planets themselves, the TNOs do not orbit on coplanar, circular orbits around the Sun, but move mostly on inclined, eccentric orbits and are distributed in a complex way. This implies that some process restructured the outer solar system after its formation. However, some of TNOs, referred to as Sednoids, move outside t…
Transneptunian objects (TNOs) are a source of invaluable information to access the history and evolution of the outer solar system. However, observing these faint objects is a difficult task. As a consequence, important properties such as size and albedo are known for only a small fraction of them. Now, with the results from deep sky surveys and the Gaia space mission, a new exciting era is within reach as accurate predictions of stellar occultations by numerous distant small solar system bodies become available. From them, diameters with kilometer accuracies can be determined. Albedos, in tur…
The goal of this work is to determine the physical characteristics of resonant, detached and scattered disk objects in the transneptunian region, observed mainly in the framework of the "TNOs are Cool!" Herschel Open Time Key Program. Based on thermal emission measurements with the Herschel/PACS and Spitzer/MIPS instruments we determine size, albedo, and surface thermal properties for 23 objects using radiometric modelling techniques. This is the first analysis in which the physical properties of objects in the outer resonances are determined for a notable sample. In addition to the results fo…
In terms of scientific output, the best way to study solar system bodies is sending spacecraft to make in-situ measurements or to observe at close distance. Probably, the second best means to learn about important physical properties of solar system objects is through stellar occultations. By combining occultation observations from several sites, size and shape can be derived with kilometric accuracy. Also, atmospheric properties can be derived if the body has an atmosphere. Furthermore, the technique can detect rings and even satellites (although rarely) around the main body. Except for the v…
The Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP) is currently the deepest wide- field survey in progress. The 8.2 m aperture of Subaru telescope is very powerful in detect- ing faint/small moving objects, including near-Earth objects, asteroids, centaurs and Tran- Neptunian objects (TNOs). However, the cadence and dithering pattern of the HSC-SSP are not designed for detecting moving objects, making it difficult to do so systematically. In this paper, we introduce a new pipeline for detecting moving objects (specifically TNOs) in a non-dedicated survey. The HSC-SSP catalogs are re-arra…
We highlight that the anomalous orbits of Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs) and an excess in microlensing events in the 5-year OGLE dataset can be simultaneously explained by a new population of astrophysical bodies with mass several times that of Earth ($M_\oplus$). We take these objects to be primordial black holes (PBHs) and point out the orbits of TNOs would be altered if one of these PBHs was captured by the Solar System, inline with the Planet 9 hypothesis. Capture of a free floating planet is a leading explanation for the origin of Planet 9 and we show that the probability of capturing a P…
The trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) are small Solar System bodies at large distances from the Sun. As such, their physical properties are difficult to measure. Accurate determination of their physical parameters is essential to model and theorize the actual composition and distribution of the population, and to improve our understanding of the formation and evolution of the Solar System. The objective of this work is to construct phase curves in two filters, $V$ and $R$, of a large TNO sample obtaining absolute magnitudes ($H$) and phase coefficients ($β$), and study possible relations between …
We have developed an online radiative-transfer suite (https://psg.gsfc.nasa.gov) applicable to a broad range of planetary objects (e.g., planets, moons, comets, asteroids, TNOs, KBOs, exoplanets). The Planetary Spectrum Generator (PSG) can synthesize planetary spectra (atmospheres and surfaces) for a broad range of wavelengths (UV/Vis/near-IR/IR/far-IR/THz/sub-mm/Radio) from any observatory (e.g., JWST, ALMA, Keck, SOFIA), any orbiter (e.g., ExoMars, Juno), or any lander (e.g., MSL). This is achieved by combining several state-of-the-art radiative transfer models, spectroscopic databases and p…
We study the secular evolution of a particle in deep mean motion resonance (MMR) with a planet in the planar elliptic restricted three body problem. We do not consider any restriction neither in the planet's eccentricity $e_p$ nor in the particle's eccentricity $e$. The methodology used is based on a semi-analytical model that consists on calculating the averaged resonant disturbing function numerically, assuming for this that in the resonant scale of time all the orbital elements of the particle are constant. In order to obtain the secular evolution inside the MMR, we make use of the adiabati…
Trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) and Centaurs are remnants of our planetary system formation, and their physical properties have invaluable information for evolutionary theories. Stellar occultation is a ground-based method for studying these small bodies and has presented exciting results. These observations can provide precise profiles of the involved body, allowing an accurate determination of its size and shape. The goal is to show that even single-chord detections of TNOs allow us to measure their milliarcsecond astrometric positions in the reference frame of the Gaia second data release (D…
The first two observational sky "blocks" of the Outer Solar System Origins Survey (OSSOS) have significantly increased the number of well-characterized observed trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) in Neptune's mean motion resonances. We describe the 31 securely resonant TNOs detected by OSSOS so far, and we use them to independently verify the resonant population models from the Canada-France Ecliptic Plane Survey (CFEPS; Gladman et al. 2012), with which we find broad agreement. We confirm that the 5:2 resonance is more populated than models of the outer Solar System's dynamical history predict; ou…
A relatively massive and moderately eccentric disk of trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) can effectively counteract apse precession induced by the outer planets, and in the process shepherd highly eccentric members of its population into nearly-stationary configurations which are anti-aligned with the disk itself. We were sufficiently intrigued by this remarkable feature to embark on an extensive exploration of the full spatial dynamics sustained by the combined action of giant planets and a massive trans-Neptunian debris disk. In the process, we identified ranges of disk mass, eccentricity and pr…
The Colours of the Outer Solar System Origins Survey (Col-OSSOS) is acquiring near-simultaneous $g$, $r$, and $J$ photometry of unprecedented precision with the Gemini North Telescope, targeting nearly a hundred trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) brighter than $m_r=23.6$ mag discovered in the Outer Solar System Origins Survey. Combining the optical and near-infrared photometry with the well-characterized detection efficiency of the Col-OSSOS target sample will provide the first flux-limited compositional dynamical map of the outer Solar System. In this paper, we describe our observing strategy and…
We report the discovery, tracking and detection circumstances for 85 trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) from the first 42 deg$^{2}$ of the Outer Solar System Origins Survey (OSSOS). This ongoing $r$-band Solar System survey uses the 0.9 deg$^{2}$ field-of-view MegaPrime camera on the 3.6 m Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. Our orbital elements for these TNOs are precise to a fractional semi-major axis uncertainty $<0.1\%$. We achieve this precision in just two oppositions, as compared to the normal 3-5 oppositions, via a dense observing cadence and innovative astrometric technique. These discoveries…
We present the results of a search for outer Solar System objects in the full six years of data (Y6) from the Dark Energy Survey (DES). The DES covered a contiguous $5000$ deg$^2$ of the southern sky with $\approx 80,000$ $3$ deg$^2$ exposures in the $grizY$ optical/IR filters between 2013 and 2019. This search yielded 815 trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs), one Centaur and one Oort cloud comet, with 461 objects reported for the first time in this paper. We present methodology that builds upon our previous search carried out on the first four years of data. Here, all DES images were reprocessed wi…
Historical Surveys to Rubin First Look: Absolute Colors of trans-Neptunian objects
Astronomical Observatory Institute, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy A. Mickiewicz University（天体物理研究所，物理与天文学学院，米基维奇大学）；Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, CSIC（安达卢西亚天体物理研究所，西班牙国家研究委员会）
本文通过整合SDSS、Col-OSSOS、DES和Rubin First Look数据，研究了trans-Neptunian天体的光度特性，得出633个天体的绝对颜色测量，揭示了相位角对颜色的影响，且无显著双峰或轨道参数相关性。
The paper discusses a model of the bombardment of the Earth and the Moon by small bodies when these planets were formed. It is shown that the total ice mass delivered with the bodies to the Earth from the feeding zone of the giant planets and the outer asteroid belt could have been comparable to the total mass of the Earth's oceans. Objects that initially crossed Jupiter's orbit could become Earth-crossers mainly within the first one million years. Most collisions of bodies originally located at a distance of 4 to 5 AU (astronomical units) from the Sun with the Earth occurred during the first …
The physical principles governing the planetary atmospheres are briefly introduced in the first part of this chapter, moving from the examples of Solar System bodies. Namely, the concepts of collisional regime, balance equations, hydrostatic equilibrium and energy transport are outlined. Further discussion is also provided on the main drivers governing the origin and evolution of atmospheres as well as on chemical and physical changes occurring in these systems, such as photochemistry, aerosol condensation and diffusion. In the second part, an overview about the Solar System atmospheres is pro…
Despite the close relationship between planetary science and plasma physics, few advanced numerical tools allow to bridge the two topics. The code Menura proposes a breakthrough towards the self-consistent modelling of these overlapping field, in a novel 2-step approach allowing for the global simulation of the interaction between a fully turbulent solar wind and various bodies of the solar system. This article introduces the new code and its 2-step global algorithm, illustrated by a first example: the interaction between a turbulent solar wind and a comet.
