The goal of this work is to determine the physical characteristics of resonant, detached and scattered disk objects in the transneptunian region, observed mainly in the framework of the "TNOs are Cool!" Herschel Open Time Key Program. Based on thermal emission measurements with the Herschel/PACS and Spitzer/MIPS instruments we determine size, albedo, and surface thermal properties for 23 objects using radiometric modelling techniques. This is the first analysis in which the physical properties of objects in the outer resonances are determined for a notable sample. In addition to the results for individual objects, we have compared these characteristics with the bulk properties of other populations of the transneptunian region. The newly analyzed objects show a large variety of beaming factors, indicating a diversity of thermal properties, and in general, they follow the albedo-colour clustering identified earlier for Kuiper belt objects and Centaurs, further strengthening the evidence for a compositional discontinuity in the young Solar System.
There have been 77 TNOs discovered to be librating in the distant transneptunian resonances (beyond the 2:1 resonance, at semimajor axes greater than 47.7~AU) in four well-characterized surveys: the Outer Solar System Origins Survey (OSSOS) and three similar prior surveys. Here we use the OSSOS Survey Simulator to measure their intrinsic orbital distributions using an empirical parameterized model. Because many of the resonances had only one or very few detections, $j$:$k$ resonant objects were grouped by $k$ in order to have a better basis for comparison between models and reality. We also us…
"TNOs are Cool": A Survey of the Transneptunian Region IV. Size/albedo characterization of 15 scattered disk and detached objects observed with Herschel Space Observatory-PACS
TNOs are Cool: a survey of the Transneptunian Region XII. Thermal light curves of Haumea, 2003 VS2 and 2003 AZ84 with Herschel Space Observatory-PACS
利用Herschel/PACS对矮行星Haumea和Plutinos 2003 VS 2和2003 AZ 84进行了时间序列观测。这些外海王星天体的热辐射是作为TNOs是Cool Herschel空间天文台关键方案的一部分获得的。通过对PACS数据的光度分析，我们寻找了妊神星和2003 AZ 84在100和160 μ m，2003 VS 2在70和160 μ m的热光变曲线。这项工作的目标是利用这些热光变曲线，以获得这些冰冷的太阳系机构的物理和热物理性质。妊神星的热光变曲线在100和160 μ m处清晰可见。所报告的暗斑的效果在100 μ m处是明显的。不同的热物理模型被应用到这些光变曲线，改变表面的热物理性质内和外的斑点。虽然没有一个模型能完全符合热观测，但结果表明妊神星表面的热惯性极低（< 0.5 MKS），相积分很高（> 0.73）。我们注意到，暗点区域似乎只是微弱的不同，从对象的其余部分，在热惯性和/或相位积分的适度变化。2003 VS 2的热光变曲线在70和160 μ m处没有被可靠地检测到，但从这些数据可以得出2+/-0.5 MKS的热惯性。2003 AZ 84的热光变曲线在100 μ m处没有被可靠地检测到。我们应用一个热物理模型的平均热通量和所有的赫歇尔/PACS和斯皮策/MIPS热数据的2003 AZ 84，获得一个接近磁极上的取向作为最有可能的TNO。对于这三个…
Coagulation Calculations of Icy Planet Formation at 15--150 AU: A Correlation Between the Maximum Radius and the Slope of the Size Distribution for Transneptunian Objects
In terms of scientific output, the best way to study solar system bodies is sending spacecraft to make in-situ measurements or to observe at close distance. Probably, the second best means to learn about important physical properties of solar system objects is through stellar occultations. By combining occultation observations from several sites, size and shape can be derived with kilometric accuracy. Also, atmospheric properties can be derived if the body has an atmosphere. Furthermore, the technique can detect rings and even satellites (although rarely) around the main body. Except for the v…
There is a complex inclination structure present in the transneptunian object (TNO) orbital distribution in the main classical belt region (between orbital semimajor axes of 39 and 48 au). The long-term gravitational effects of the giant planets make TNO orbits precess, but non-resonant objects maintain a nearly constant 'free' inclination ($I_\text{free}$) with respect to a local forced precession pole. Because of the likely cosmogonic importance of the distribution of this quantity, we tabulate free inclinations for all main-belt TNOs, each individually computed using barycentric orbital ele…
As the NASA Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) fulfills its primary mission it is executing an unprecedented all-sky survey with the potential to discover distant planets in our own solar system, as well as hundreds of Transneptunian Objects (TNOs) and Centaurs. We demonstrate that shift-and-stack techniques can be used to efficiently search the Full-Frame Image (FFI) data from the TESS mission and survey the entire sky for outer Solar System objects down to $\sim22^{nd}$ magnitude.
A group of trans-Neptunian objects (TNO) are dynamically related to the dwarf planet 136108 Haumea. Ten of them show strong indications of water ice on their surfaces, are assumed to have resulted from a collision, and are accepted as the only known TNO collisional family. Nineteen other dynamically similar objects lack water ice absorptions and are hypothesized to be dynamical interlopers. We have made observations to determine sizes and geometric albedos of six of the accepted Haumea family members and one dynamical interloper. Ten other dynamical interlopers have been measured by previous w…
Transneptunian objects (TNOs) are a source of invaluable information to access the history and evolution of the outer solar system. However, observing these faint objects is a difficult task. As a consequence, important properties such as size and albedo are known for only a small fraction of them. Now, with the results from deep sky surveys and the Gaia space mission, a new exciting era is within reach as accurate predictions of stellar occultations by numerous distant small solar system bodies become available. From them, diameters with kilometer accuracies can be determined. Albedos, in tur…
White dwarfs (WDs) often show metal lines in their spectra, indicating accretion of asteroidal material. Our Sun is to become a WD in several Gyr. Here, we examine how the solar WD accretes from the three major small body populations: the main belt asteroids (MBAs), Jovian trojan asteroids (JTAs), and trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs). Owing to the solar mass loss during the giant branch, 40\% of the JTAs are lost but the vast majority of MBAs and TNOs survive. During the WD phase, objects from all three populations are sporadically scattered onto the WD, implying ongoing accretion. For young coo…
Dynamical studies of asteroid populations in retrograde orbits, that is with orbital inclinations greater than 90 degrees, are interesting because the origin of such orbits is still unexplained. Generally, the population of retrograde asteroids includes mostly Centaurs and transneptunian objects (TNOs). A special case is the near-Earth object (343158) 2009 HC82 from the Apollo group. Another interesting object is the comet 333P/LINEAR, which for several years was considered the second retrograde object approaching Earth. Another comet in retrograde orbit, 161P Hartley/IRAS appears to be an obj…
Probing close-in satellites of Trans-Neptunian Objects through thermal and direct size measurements
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC（安达卢西亚天体物理研究所）；Deutsches Zentrum für Astrophysik (DZA)（德国天体物理学中心）；Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik（马克斯·普朗克地外物理学研究所）
