The Fermi Bubbles have been imaged in sub-TeV gamma rays at Fermi-LAT, and, if their origin is hadronic, they might have been seen with low statistics in $\sim 0.1- 1$ PeV neutrinos at IceCube. We discuss the detectability of these objects at the new High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) gamma ray detector. HAWC will view the North Bubble for $\sim 2-3$ hours a day, and will map its spectrum at 0.1-100 TeV. For the hard primary proton spectrum required to explain five events at IceCube, a high significance detection at HAWC will be achieved in less than 30 days. The combination of results at HAWC and IceCube will substantiate the hadronic model, or constrain its spectral parameters.
The diffuse Galactic gamma-ray flux between 0.1 and 1 PeV has recently been measured by the Tibet AS$γ$ Collaboration. The flux and spectrum are consistent with the decay of neutral pions from hadronuclear interactions between Galactic cosmic rays and the interstellar medium (ISM). We derive the flux of the Galactic diffuse neutrino emission from the same interaction process that produces the gamma rays. Our calculation accounts for the effect of gamma-ray attenuation inside the Milky Way and uncertainties due to the spectrum and distribution of cosmic rays, gas density, and infrared emission …
Starburst galaxies, which are known as "reservoirs" of high-energy cosmic-rays, can represent an important high-energy neutrino "factory" contributing to the diffuse neutrino flux observed by IceCube. In this paper, we revisit the constraints affecting the neutrino and gamma-ray hadronuclear emissions from this class of astrophysical objects. In particular, we go beyond the standard prototype-based approach leading to a simple power-law neutrino flux, and investigate a more realistic model based on a data-driven blending of spectral indexes, thereby capturing the observed changes in the proper…
Multi-wavelength observations indicate that some starburst galaxies show a dominant non-thermal contribution from their central region. These active galactic nuclei (AGN)-starburst composites are of special interest, as both phenomena on their own are potential sources of highly-energetic cosmic rays and associated gamma-ray and neutrino emission. In this work, a homogeneous, steady-state two-zone multi-messenger model of the non-thermal emission from the AGN corona as well as the circumnuclear starburst region is developed and subsequently applied to the case of NGC 1068, which has recently s…
The multi-messenger anomalies, including spectral hardening or excess for nuclei, leptons, ratios of $\bar p/p$ and B/C, and anisotropic reversal, were observed in past years. AMS-02 experiment also revealed different spectral break for positron and electron at 284 GeV and beyond TeV respectively. It is natural to ask whether all those anomalies originate from one unified physical scenario. In this work, the spatially-dependent propagation (SDP) with a nearby SNR source is adopted to reproduce above mentioned anomalies. There possibly exists dense molecular cloud(DMC) around SNRs and the secon…
Multi-messenger high-energy astrophysics has currently achieved the potential to unravel the origin of cosmic rays and how sources accelerate them, their relation to the diffuse radiation in the extra-galactic space, and their role to forge their galaxies of origin while they wander in their magnetic fields for millions of years. Neutrino astronomy produced its major scientific milestone with the discovery by IceCube of a diffuse flux at energies above 60~TeV with intensity comparable to a predicted upper limit to the flux from extra-galactic sources of ultra-high energy cosmic rays. More rece…
Hadronic origin of gamma rays and neutrinos from blazars: Multi-messenger implications and observational constraints
Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL)（隆德里纳州立大学）；Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar)（圣卡洛斯联邦大学）；Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR)（巴拉那联邦技术大学）；Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana（拉丁美洲一体化联邦大学）；Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo（圣埃斯皮里图联邦大学）
Multi-messenger astronomy provides for the observation of the same astronomical event with different kind of telescopes at the same time: optical observations, X-rays, gamma-ray bursts, neutrinos and, most recently, gravitational waves are just few examples of the several points of view from which an astronomical event can be observed and analyzed. Cosmic rays play an important role in multi-messenger astronomy and, for this reason, it is important to deepen the study of their sources and to understand the mechanisms behind their acceleration in astronomical environments.
Winds are ubiquitous in galaxies and often feature bubble structures. These wind bubbles are characterized by an external forward shock expanding in the surrounding medium and a wind termination shock separating the cool and fast wind from the hot shocked wind. While the forward shock could not be able to accelerate particles efficiently for a long time, at the wind termination shock the necessary conditions for efficient acceleration may be present. We develop a model for particle acceleration at the termination shock of such bubbles analysing the consequences of different possible engines po…
Recent multi-wavelength observations indicate that some starburst galaxies show a dominant nonthermal contribution from its central region. These active galactic nuclei (AGN)-starburst composites are of special interest, as both phenomena on their own are potential sources of the high-energetic cosmic rays and their accompanied gamma-ray and neutrino emission. Here, we will focus on NGC 1068, which is known since several years from its atypical radio-gamma-ray correlation. Recently this source has also shown strong indications of high energy neutrino emission. A first semi-analytical, two-comp…
We investigate the multiwavelength emission from hadronic and leptonic cosmic rays (CRs) in bubbles around galaxies, analogous to the Fermi bubbles of the Milky Way. The bubbles are modeled using 3D magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) simulations, and are driven by a 0.3 Myr intense explosive outburst from the nucleus of Milky Way-like galaxies. We compute their non-thermal emission properties at different stages throughout their evolution, up to 7 Myr, by post-processing the simulations. We compare the spectral and spatial signatures of bubbles with hadronic, leptonic and hybrid hadro-leptonic CR com…
Probing the potential high-energy messengers of the anticipated T Coronae Borealis outburst
INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo（意大利国家天体物理研究所巴勒莫天文台）；Institute for Applied Problems in Mechanics and Mathematics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine（乌克兰国家科学院应用力学与数学问题研究所）；Center for Data Intensive and Time Domain Astronomy, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University（密歇根州立大学物理与天文学系数据密集型时域天文中心）；Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica E. Segrè, Università degli Studi di Palermo（巴勒莫大学E. Segre物理化学系）
Cosmic messengers (gamma rays, cosmic rays, neutrinos and gravitational waves) provide a powerful complementary way to search for Lorentz invariance violating effects to laboratory-based experiments. The long baselines and high energies involved make Cherenkov telescopes, air-shower arrays, neutrino telescopes and gravitational wave detectors unique tools to probe the expected tiny effects that the breaking of Lorentz invariance would cause in the propagation of these messengers, in comparison with the standard scenario. In this chapter we explain the expected effects that the mentioned detect…
The Fermi Bubble as a Source of Cosmic Rays in the Energy Range > 10E15 eV
{ \it Fermi}大面积望远镜最近发现了两个巨大的伽马射线气泡，它们延伸到银河系中心的北部和南部，直径和高度为$H\sim 10$ kpc。我们认为，银河系超大质量黑洞Sgr A $^*$的周期性恒星捕获过程，其捕获速率为$τ_{\rm cap}^{-1}\sim 3\times 10^{-5}$ yr $^{-1}$，每次捕获释放的能量为$W\sim 3\times 10^{52}$ erg，可以导致热等离子体以$u\sim 10^8$ cm s $^{-1}$的风速注入银河系晕.热等离子体的周期性注入可以产生一系列冲击。气泡中的高能质子在与这些冲击相互作用时被重新加速。我们表明，能量大于$E> 10^{15}$ eV，加速过程可以更好地描述随机二阶费米加速。我们提出，强子宇宙射线（CR）的“膝盖”内观察到的CR光谱产生的银河系超新星遗迹分布在银河系盘。这些粒子在费米泡中的再加速产生超过膝盖的CR。在气泡$D_B\sim 3\times 10^{30}$ cm $^2$ s $^{-1}$中，利用该能量范围内的平均CR扩散系数，我们可以再现超出膝关节和膝关节内的光谱的光谱指数。气泡冲击能与CR能的转换效率约为10%。这个模型提供了一个自然的解释所观察到的CR通量，光谱指数，并匹配的光谱在膝盖。
The Fermi Bubbles: Giant, Multi-Billion-Year-Old Reservoirs of Galactic Center Cosmic Rays
最近，费米-LAT仪器观测到的伽马射线天空中出现了巨大特征的证据：以银河系核心为中心的双边发射“气泡”，并在银河系平面上方和下方延伸到约10千秒差距。这些结构与WMAP数据中发现的非热微波“薄雾”和ROSAT探测到的X射线辐射的扩展区域相吻合。气泡的伽马射线辐射的特征是具有坚硬且相对均匀的光谱，相对均匀的强度，总光度约为4 x 10^37 erg/s，比它们的微波光度大约大一个数量级，而比它们的X射线光度小一个数量级以上。在这里，我们表明，气泡是自然的解释，由于人口的遗迹宇宙射线质子和较重的离子注入的过程与极长的时间尺度（>~8 Gyr）和高面密度的恒星形成在银河系中心。
