For any topological space $X$ we study the relation between the universal uniformity $\mathcal U_X$, the universal quasi-uniformity $q\mathcal U_X$ and the universal pre-uniformity $p\mathcal U_X$ on $X$. For a pre-uniformity $\mathcal U$ on a set $X$ and a word $v$ in the two-letter alphabet $\{+,-\}$ we define the verbal power $\mathcal U^v$ of $\mathcal U$ and study its boundedness numbers $\ell(\mathcal U^v)$ and $\bar \ell(\mathcal U^v)$. The boundedness numbers of the (Boolean operations over) the verbal powers of the canonical pre-uniformities $p\mathcal U_X$, $q\mathcal U_X$ and $\mathcal U_X$ yield new cardinal characteristics $\ell^v(X)$, $\bar \ell^v(X)$, $q\ell^v(X)$, $q\bar \ell^v(X)$, $u\ell(X)$ of a topological space $X$, which generalize all known cardinal topological invariants related to (star)-covering properties. We study the relation of the new cardinal invariants $\ell^v$, $\bar \ell^v$ to classical cardinal topological invariants such as Lindelöf number $\ell$, density $d$, and spread $s$. The simplest new verbal cardinal invariant is the foredensity $\ell^-(X)$ defined for a topological space $X$ as the smallest cardinal $κ$ such that for any neighborhood assignment $(O_x)_{x\in X}$ there is a subset $A\subset X$ of cardinality $|A|\leκ$ that meets each neighborhood $O_x$, $x\in X$. It is clear that $\ell^-(X)\le d(X)\le \ell^-(X)\cdot χ(X)$. We shall prove that $\ell^-(X)=d(X)$ if $|X|<\aleph_ω$. On the other hand, for every singular cardinal $κ$ (with $κ\le 2^{2^{cf(κ)}}$) we construct a (totally disconnected) $T_1$-space $X$ such that $\ell^-(X)=cf(κ)<κ=|X|=d(X)$.
Two (strongly) zero-dimensional Lindelöf topological groups whose product has positive covering dimension are constructed. An example of a Lindelöf (strongly) zero-dimensional space whose free and free Abelian topological groups are not strongly zero-dimensional is given.
Recently, Mršević and Reilly discussed some covering properties of a topological space and its associated $α$-topology in both topological and bitopological ways. The main aim of this paper is to investigate some common and controversial covering properties of $\cal T$ and ${\cal T}^α$.
Lindelöf spaces are studied in any basic Topology course. However, there are other interesting covering properties with similar behaviour, such as almost Lindelöf, weakly Lindelöf, and quasi-Lindelöf, that have been considered in various research papers. Here we present a comparison between the standard results on Lindelöf spaces and analogous results for weakly and almost Lindelöf spaces. Some theorems, similar to the published ones, will be proved. We also consider counterexamples, most of which have not been included in the standard Topological textbooks, that show the interrelations betwee…
Iwasa investigated the preservation of various covering properties of opological spaces under Cohen forcing. By improving the argument in Iwasa's paper, we prove that the Rothberger property, the Menger property and selective screenability are also preserved under Cohen forcing and forcing with the measure algebra.
We study pullback from a topological viewpoint with emphasis on pullback of covering maps. We generalize a triad of Quillen on properties of the pullback functor.
We prove that if an ultrafilter L is not coherent to a Q-point, then each analytic non-sigma-bounded topological group G admits an increasing chain <G_a : a < b(L)> of its proper subgroups such that: (i) U_{a in b(L)} G_a=G; and $(ii)$ For every sigma-bounded subgroup H of G there exists a such that H is a subset of G_a. In case of the group Sym(w) of all permutations of w with the topology inherited from w^w this improves upon earlier results of S. Thomas.
The aim of this paper is to prove all well-known metrization theorems using partitions of unity. To accomplish this, we first discuss sufficient and necessary conditions for existence of $\mathcal{U}$-small partitions of unity (partitions of unity subordinated to an open cover $\mathcal{U}$ of a topological space $X$).
The fundamental groupoid of a space becomes enriched over the category of topological spaces when the hom-sets are endowed with topologies intimately related to universal constructions of topological groups. This paper is devoted to a generalization of classical covering theory in the context of this construction.
In this paper, we approach the question if some of the separation axioms are equivalent in the class of asymmetric normed spaces. In particular, we make a remark on a known theorem which states that every $T_1$ asymmetric normed space with compact closed unit ball must be finite-dimensional. We also explore the product structure of these spaces and characterize the topological (covering) dimension of all finite-dimensional asymmetric normed spaces.
In this paper, we continue to investigate topological properties of $\mathcal{I}H$ and its two star versions namely $SS \mathcal{I} H$ and $S \mathcal{I} H$. We characterized $\mathcal{I}$-Hurewicz property by $\mathcal{I}$-Hurewicz Basis property and $\mathcal{I}$-Hurewicz measure zero property for metrizable spaces. We also characterized $\mathcal{I}$-Hurewicz property, star-$\mathcal{I}$-Hurewicz property and strongly star-$\mathcal{I}$-Hurewicz property using selection principles.
We establish a characterization of amenability for general Hausdorff topological groups in terms of matchings with respect to finite uniform coverings. Furthermore, we prove that it suffices to just consider two-element uniform coverings. We also show that extremely amenable as well as compactly approximable topological groups satisfy a perfect matching property condition -- the latter even with regard to arbitrary uniform coverings. Finally, we prove that the automorphism group of a Fraïssé limit of a metric Fraïssé class is amenable if and only if the considered metric Fraïssé class has a ce…
We present a new variation of the classical selection principles $\mathsf{S}_\mathrm{k}(\mathcal A, \mathcal B)$ ($k\in\mathbb N$) and $\mathsf{S}_\mathrm{fin}(\mathcal A, \mathcal B)$ that formally lies between these two properties. As in the case of the classical selection principles, we also obtain a new variation of topological games and discuss how new topological properties may emerge in the specific cases of covering and tightness.
In this paper, we consider certain topological properties along with certain types of mappings on these spaces defined by the notion of ideal convergence. In order to do that, we primarily follow in the footsteps of the earlier studies of ideal convergence done by using functions (from an infinite set $S$ to $X$) in \cite{CS, das4, das5}, as that is the most general perspective and use functions instead of sequences/nets/double sequences etc. This functional approach automatically provides the most general settings for such studies and consequently extends and unifies the proofs of several old…
H. Fischer et al. (Topology and its Application, 158 (2011) 397-408.) introduced the Spanier group of a based space $(X,x)$ which is denoted by $\psp$. By a Spanier space we mean a space $X$ such that $\psp=π_1(X,x)$, for every $x\in X$. In this paper, first we give an example of Spanier spaces. Then we study the influence of the Spanier group on covering theory and introduce Spanier coverings which are universal coverings in the categorical sense. Second, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of Spanier coverings for non-homotopically path Hausdorff spaces. Finally, w…
We give topological characterizations of filters $F$ on $w$ such that the Mathias forcing $M_F$ adds no dominating reals or preserves ground model unbounded families. This allows us to answer some questions of Brendle, Guzmán, Hrušák, Mart\'ınez, Minami, and Tsaban.
James \cite{Jam} introduced uniform covering maps as an analog of covering maps in the topological category. Subsequently Berestovskii and Plaut \cite{BP3} introduced a theory of covers for uniform spaces generalizing their results for topological groups \cite{BP1}-\cite{BP2}. Their main concepts are discrete actions and pro-discrete actions, respectively. In case of pro-discrete actions Berestovskii and Plaut provided an analog of the universal covering space and their theory works well for the so-called coverable spaces. As will be seen in Section \ref{SECTION-Comparison}, \cite{BP3} general…
The_additivity_number_ of a topological property (relative to a given space) is the minimal number of subspaces with this property whose union does not have the property. The most well-known case is where this number is greater than Aleph_0, i.e. the property is sigma-additive. We give a rather complete survey of the known results about the additivity numbers of a variety of topological covering properties, including those appearing in the Scheepers diagram (which contains, among others, the classical properties of Menger, Hurewicz, Rothberger, and Gerlits-Nagy). Some of the results proved her…
The theory of covering spaces is often used to prove the Nielsen-Schreier theorem, which states that every subgroup of a free group is free. We apply the more general theory of semicovering spaces to obtain analogous subgroup theorems for topological groups: Every open subgroup of a free Graev topological group is a free Graev topological group. An open subgroup of a free Markov topological group is a free Markov topological group if and only if it is disconnected.
We have initiated the study of topology of the space of coverings on grid domains. The space has the following constraint: while all the covering agents can move freely (we allow overlapping) on the domain, their union must cover the whole domain. A minimal number $N$ of the covering agents is required for a successful covering of the domain. In this paper, we demonstrate beautiful topological structures of this space on grid domains in 2D with $N+1$ coverings, the topology of the space has the homotopy type of $1$ dimensional complex, regardless of the domain shape. We also present the Euler …
An inverse limit of a sequence of covering spaces over a given space $X$ is not, in general, a covering space over $X$ but is still a lifting space, i.e. a Hurewicz fibration with unique path lifting property. Of particular interest are inverse limits of finite coverings (resp. finite regular coverings), which yield fibrations whose fiber is homeomorphic to the Cantor set (resp. profinite topological group). To illustrate the breadth of the theory, we present in this note some curious examples of lifting spaces that cannot be obtained as inverse limits of covering spaces.
Which Isbell--Mrówka spaces ($Ψ$-spaces) satisfy the star version of Menger's and Hurewicz's covering properties? Following Bonanzinga and Matveev, this question is considered here from a combinatorial point of view. An example of a $Ψ$-space that is (strongly) star-Menger but not star-Hurewicz is obtained. The PCF-theory function $κ\mapsto\cof([κ]^\alephes)$ is a key tool. Using the method of forcing, a complete answer to a question of Bonanzinga and Matveev is provided. The results also apply to the mentioned covering properties in the realm of Pixley--Roy spaces, to the extent of spaces wit…
Overlays were introduced by R. H. Fox [6] as a subclass of covering maps. We offer a different view of overlays: it resembles the definition of paracompact spaces via star refinements of open covers. One introduces covering structures for covering maps and $p:X\to Y$ is an overlay if it has a covering structure that has a star refinement. We prove two characterizations of overlays: one using existence and uniqueness of lifts of discrete chains, the second as maps inducing simplicial coverings of nerves of certain covers. We use those characterizations to improve results of Eda-Matijevi\' c con…
The paper is devoted to study the structure of Hawaiian groups of some topological spaces. We present some behaviors of Hawaiian groups with respect to product spaces, weak join spaces, cone spaces, covering spaces and locally trivial bundles. In particular, we determine the structure of the $n$-dimensional Hawaiian group of the $m$-dimensional Hawaiian earring space, for all $1\leq m\leq n$.
No convenient internal characterization of spaces that are productively Lindelof is known. Perhaps the best general result known is Alster's internal characterization, under the Continuum Hypothesis, of productively Lindelof spaces which have a basis of cardinality at most $\aleph_1$. It turns out that topological spaces having Alster's property are also productively weakly Lindelof. The weakly Lindelof spaces form a much larger class of spaces than the Lindelof spaces. In many instances spaces having Alster's property satisfy a seemingly stronger version of Alster's property and consequently …
