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arXiv 1503.02030astro-ph.GAastro-ph.COastro-ph.SR
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星族III星团的光度

The Luminosity of Population III Star Clusters

Alexander L. DeSouza, Shantanu Basu

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10 pages, 7 figures, to appear in MNRAS
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摘要：

我们分析了在早期宇宙中形成的第三星族原星团的光度的时间演化。我们从金斯准则出发，认为原始气体可以坍缩形成一个第一批恒星的星团，这些恒星彼此相对独立地演化（即，引力相互作用可忽略不计）。我们使用2+1D非轴对称数值流体动力学模拟单个原恒星团块的崩溃。每一次坍缩都会产生一个被大质量圆盘包围的原恒星（即，$M_{\rm disk} / M_{*} \gtrsim 0.1$），其演化我们跟踪了进一步的30- 40 kyr。引力不稳定性导致了碎片化，并在圆盘内形成了引力束缚的团块。这些碎片被宿主原恒星吸积，产生了$10^6\,\LSun$量级的吸积和光度爆发。在星团内，我们表明，这样的事件在几个原星团成员的一致性可以提升集群的光度比预期的高5- 10 ${\times}$，和集群花费$\sim15\%$它的恒星形成历史在这些水平。这种增强的发光效果在具有$\simeq$ 10- 20个成员的中等大小的簇中特别有效。在一个这样的例子中，我们确定了一个汇合的爆发事件，提高亮度接近$1000{\times}$大于集群平均亮度，导致$L > 10^8\,\LSun$。这一现象完全是通过引力不稳定性驱动的片段性碎裂和吸积而产生的，而这正是原恒星演化早期阶段的特征。

英文摘要：

We analyze the time evolution of the luminosity of a cluster of Population III protostars formed in the early universe. We argue from the Jeans criterion that primordial gas can collapse to form a cluster of first stars that evolve relatively independently of one another (i.e., with negligible gravitational interaction). We model the collapse of individual protostellar clumps using 2+1D nonaxisymmetric numerical hydrodynamics simulations. Each collapse produces a protostar surrounded by a massive disk (i.e., $M_{\rm disk} / M_{*} \gtrsim 0.1$), whose evolution we follow for a further 30--40 kyr. Gravitational instabilities result in the fragmentation and the formation of gravitationally bound clumps within the disk. The accretion of these fragments by the host protostar produces accretion and luminosity bursts on the order of $10^6\,\LSun$. Within the cluster, we show that a simultaneity of such events across several protostellar cluster members can elevate the cluster luminosity to 5--10${\times}$ greater than expected, and that the cluster spends $\sim15\%$ of it's star-forming history at these levels. This enhanced luminosity effect is particularly enabled in clusters of modest size with $\simeq$ 10--20 members. In one such instance, we identify a confluence of burst events that raise the luminosity to nearly $1000{\times}$ greater than the cluster mean luminosity, resulting in $L > 10^8\,\LSun$. This phenomenon arises solely through the gravitational-instability--driven episodic fragmentation and accretion that characterizes this early stage of protostellar evolution.

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