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arXiv 1503.01644astro-ph.COastro-ph.IM
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再电离窗时期的偏振泄漏:I. 3C 196磁场的LOFAR观测

Polarization leakage in Epoch of Reionization windows: I. LOFAR observations of the 3C196 field

K. M. B. Asad, L. V. E. Koopmans, V. Jelić, V. N. Pandey, A. Ghosh, F. B. Abdalla, G. Bernardi, M. A. Brentjens, A. G. de Bruyn, S. Bus, B. Ciardi, E. Chapman, … 展开作者

K. M. B. Asad, L. V. E. Koopmans, V. Jelić, V. N. Pandey, A. Ghosh, F. B. Abdalla, G. Bernardi, M. A. Brentjens, A. G. de Bruyn, S. Bus, B. Ciardi, E. Chapman, S. Daiboo, E. R. Fernandez, G. Harker, I. T. Iliev, H. Jensen, O. Martinez-Rubi, G. Mellema, M. Mevius, A. R. Offringa, A. H. Patil, J. Schaye, R. M. Thomas, S. van der Tol, H. K. Vedantham, S. Yatawatta, S. Zaroubi

摘要:

来自再电离时期(EoR)的21 cm信号的检测是具有挑战性的,特别是因为,即使在去除前景之后,残留斯托克斯$I$图也包含来自可以模拟信号的偏振发射的泄漏。在这里,我们讨论了仪器偏振的LOFAR和斯托克斯参数之间的泄漏目前现实的模拟。从3C 196场中偏振辐射的LOFAR观测中,我们量化了LOFAR标称模型光束引起的偏振泄漏水平,并使用功率谱分析将其与EoR信号进行了比较。我们发现,在134- 166 MHz处,在场的中心4 $^\circ$内,$(Q,U)\rightarrow I$泄漏功率低于$k<0.3$ Mpc $^{-1}$处的EoR信号。泄漏被发现被定位在法拉第深度为0附近,并且泄漏的rms作为偏振发射的rms的分数被示出为在0.2- 0.3%之间变化,这两者都可以用于去除泄漏。此外,我们可以定义一个“EoR窗口”的偏振泄漏在圆柱形功率谱以上的PSF诱导的楔形和以下$k_\parallel\sim 0.5$ Mpc $^{-1}$,和窗口扩展到$k_\parallel\sim 1$ Mpc $^{-1}$在所有$k_\perp$时,70\%的泄漏已被删除。这些LOFAR结果表明,即使在未来的阵列(如SKA)中对$\lesssim 4^\circ$的视场进行适度的偏振校准,也将确保偏振泄漏在0.02-1 Mpc $^{-1}$的尺度下保持远低于预期的EoR信号。

英文摘要:

Detection of the 21-cm signal coming from the epoch of reionization (EoR) is challenging especially because, even after removing the foregrounds, the residual Stokes $I$ maps contain leakage from polarized emission that can mimic the signal. Here, we discuss the instrumental polarization of LOFAR and present realistic simulations of the leakages between Stokes parameters. From the LOFAR observations of polarized emission in the 3C196 field, we have quantified the level of polarization leakage caused by the nominal model beam of LOFAR, and compared it with the EoR signal using power spectrum analysis. We found that at 134--166 MHz, within the central 4$^\circ$ of the field the $(Q,U)\rightarrow I$ leakage power is lower than the EoR signal at $k<0.3$ Mpc$^{-1}$. The leakage was found to be localized around a Faraday depth of 0, and the rms of the leakage as a fraction of the rms of the polarized emission was shown to vary between 0.2-0.3\%, both of which could be utilized in the removal of leakage. Moreover, we could define an `EoR window' in terms of the polarization leakage in the cylindrical power spectrum above the PSF-induced wedge and below $k_\parallel\sim 0.5$ Mpc$^{-1}$, and the window extended up to $k_\parallel\sim 1$ Mpc$^{-1}$ at all $k_\perp$ when 70\% of the leakage had been removed. These LOFAR results show that even a modest polarimetric calibration over a field of view of $\lesssim 4^\circ$ in the future arrays like SKA will ensure that the polarization leakage remains well below the expected EoR signal at the scales of 0.02-1 Mpc$^{-1}$.

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