Galois correspondence theorem for Picard-Vessiot extensions

On a discrepancy among Picard-Vessiot theories in positive characteristics

There is a serious discrepancy among literature on the Picard-Vessiot theory in positive characteristics (for iterative differential fields). It is about descriptions of Galois correspondence. We should use affine group schemes instead of algebraic matrix groups to obtain a suitable Galois correspondence. If one adheres to algebraic matrix groups, then his correspondence may not be bijective.

Picard-Vessiot theory of differentially simple rings

In Picard-Vessiot theory, the Galois theory for linear differential equations, the Picard-Vessiot ring plays an important role, since it is the Picard-Vessiot ring which is a torsor (principal homogeneous space) for the Galois group (scheme). Like fields are simple rings having only (0) and (1) as ideals, the Picard-Vessiot ring is a differentially simple ring, i.e. a differential ring having only (0) and (1) as differential ideals. Having in mind that the classical Galois theory is a theory of extensions of fields, i.e. of simple rings, it is quite natural to ask whether one can also set up a…

Linear Algebraic Groups as Parameterized Picard-Vessiot Galois Groups

We show that a linear algebraic group is the Galois group of a parameterized Picard-Vessiot extension of k(x), x' = 1, for certain differential fields k, if and only if its identity component has no one dimensional quotient as a linear algebraic group.

An effective approach to Picard-Vessiot theory and the Jacobian Conjecture

In this paper we present a theorem concerning an equivalent statement of the Jacobian Conjecture in terms of Picard-Vessiot extensions. Our theorem completes the earlier work of T. Crespo and Z. Hajto which suggested an effective criterion for detecting polynomial automorphisms of affine spaces. We show a simplified criterion and give a bound on the number of wronskians determinants which we need to consider in order to check if a given polynomial mapping with non-zero constant Jacobian determinant is a polynomial automorphism. Our method is specially efficient with cubic homogeneous mappings …

Relative invariants, difference equations, and the Picard-Vessiot theory

This is a compilation of three separated studies. The main part (Part 3) deals with a unified Picard-Vessiot theory including Picard-Vessiot theories of differential and difference equations. Changes: [v1 -> v2] Corrected descriptions on "ZXi-linearly independece" in Part 2 (p11, p13, p16) [v2 -> v3] The proof of Proposition 3.5.7 (iii) in v2 is not completed. (Only the proof of Proposition 3.5.8 (ii) is influenced and a revised proof is given.) [v3 -> v4] Lemma 3.5.10 in the previous version is false (see Remark 3.5.10 in the presented version). The proof of Prop. 3.5.9 (ii) and the proof of …

On sigma-delta-Picard-Vessiot extensions

We study the differential Galois theory of difference equations under weaker hypothesis on the field of constants of the automorphism. This framework yields a new approach to results by C.Hardouin and M.Singer, which answers possitively a question by M.Singer: under the classical hypothesis, the known results are still valid. In particular, our Galois group is isomorphic to theirs over a suitable field. We also explicitly calculate the number of connected components of the Galois group.

Parameterized Picard-Vessiot extensions and Atiyah extensions

Generalizing Atiyah extensions, we introduce and study differential abelian tensor categories over differential rings. By a differential ring, we mean a commutative ring with an action of a Lie ring by derivations. In particular, these derivations act on a differential category. A differential Tannakian theory is developed. The main application is to the Galois theory of linear differential equations with parameters. Namely, we show the existence of a parameterized Picard-Vessiot extension and, therefore, the Galois correspondence for many differential fields with, possibly, non-differentially…

Finite dual of a cocommutative Hopf algebroid. Application to linear differential matrix equations and Picard-Vessiot theory

A fundamental tool of Differential Galois Theory is the assignment of an algebraic group to each finite-dimensional differential module over differential field in such a way that the category of differential modules it generates is equivalent, as a symmetric monoidal category, to the category of representations of the group. Its underlying set is then recognized as the group of differential automorphisms of the Picard-Vessiot field extension of the base field for this differential module. These results can be obtained by means of a Tannaka reconstruction process, applied to the abelian categor…

微分概形的Galois理论

Galois theory of differential schemes

提出适用于微分概形态射的Galois理论，推广了线性Picard-Vessiot理论与Kolchin强正规理论。

Non-free iterative differential modules

In the article "Picard-Vessiot theory of differentially simple rings" we established a Picard-Vessiot theory over differentially simple rings which may not be fields. Differential modules over such rings were proven to be locally free but do not have to be free as modules. In this article, we give a family of examples of non-free differential modules, and compute Picard-Vessiot rings as well as Galois groups for them.

On the definition of the Galois group of linear differential equations

Let us consider a linear differential equation over a differential field K. For a differential field extension L/K generated by a fundamental system of the equation, we show that Galois group according to the general Galois theory of Umemura coincides with the Picard-Vessiot Galois group. This conclusion generalized the comparision theorem of Umemura and Casale.

微分方程的Liouvillian首次积分：一种Galois方法

Liouvillian first integrals of differential equations: A Galoisian approach

利用微分Galois理论证明一阶微分方程组存在Liouvillian首次积分等价于其在Liouvillian Picard-Vessiot扩张或环中存在，给出Singer定理的新证明，并展示Liouvillian假设不可去掉。

Real difference Galois theory

In this paper, we develop a difference Galois theory in the setting of real fields. After proving the existence and uniqueness of the real Picard-Vessiot extension, we define the real difference Galois group and prove a Galois correspondence.

Computing the differential Galois group of a one-parameter family of second order linear differential equations

We develop algorithms to compute the differential Galois group corresponding to a one-parameter family of second order homogeneous ordinary linear differential equations with rational function coefficients. More precisely, we consider equations of the form \frac{\partial^2Y}{\partial x^2}+ r_1\frac{\partial Y}{\partial x} +r_2Y=0, where $r_1,r_2\in C(x,t)$ and $C$ is an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero. We work in the setting of parameterized Picard-Vessiot theory, which attaches a linear differential algebraic group to such an equation, that is, a group of invertible matrices…

On the finite inverse problem in iterative differential Galois theory

In positive characteristic, nearly all Picard-Vessiot extensions are inseparable over some intermediate iterative differential extensions. In the Galois correspondence, these intermediate fields correspond to nonreduced subgroup schemes of the Galois group scheme. Moreover, the Galois group scheme itself may be nonreduced, or even infinitesimal. In this article, we investigate which finite group schemes occur as iterative differential Galois group schemes over a given ID-field. For a large class of ID-fields, we give a description of all occuring finite group schemes.

On General Extension Fields for the Classical Groups in Differential Galois Theory

Let $G$ be one of the classical groups of Lie rank $l$. We make a similar construction of a general extension field in differential Galois theory for $G$ as E. Noether did in classical Galois theory for finite groups. More precisely, we build a differential field $E$ of differential transcendence degree $l$ over the constants on which the group $G$ acts and show that it is a Picard-Vessiot extension of the field of invariants $E^G$. The field $E^G$ is differentially generated by $l$ differential polynomials which are differentially algebraically independent over the constants. They are the coe…

Galois theory of Artinian simple module algebras

This main purpose of this article is the unification of the Galois theory of algebraic differential equations by Umemura and the Galois theory of algebraic difference equations by Morikawa-Umemura in a common framework using Artinian simple D-module algebras, where D is a bialgebra. We construct the Galois hull of an extension of Artinian simple D-module algebras and define its Galois group, which consists of infinitesimal coordinate transformations fulfilling certain partial differential equations and which we call Umemura functor. We eliminate the restriction to characteristic 0 from the abo…

A Root Parametrized Differential Equation for the Special Linear Group

Let $C \langle \boldsymbol{t} \rangle$ be the differential field generated by $l$ differential indeterminates $\boldsymbol{t}=(t_1, \dots, t_l)$ over an algebraically closed field $C$ of characteristic zero. In this article we present an explicit linear parameter differential equation over $C \langle \boldsymbol{t} \rangle$ with differential Galois group $\mathrm{SL}_{l+1}(C)$ and show that it is a generic equation in the following sense: If $F$ is an algebraically closed differential field with constants $C$ and $E/F$ is a Picard-Vessiot extension with differential Galois group $H(C) \subsete…

The differential Galois group of the maximal prounipotent extension is free

Let $F$ be a characteristic zero differential field with algebraically closed constant field, and consider the compositum $F_u$ of all Picard--Vessiot extensions of $F$ with unipotent differential Galois group. We prove that the group of $F$ differential automorphisms of $F_u$ is a free prounipotent group.

Différentielles non commutatives et théorie de Galois différentielle ou aux différences

We show how the Galois-Picard_Vessiot theory of differential equations and difference equations, and the theory of holonomy groups in differential geometry, are different aspects of a unique Galois theory. The latter is based upon the construction and study of the tensor product of non commutative connections over a commutative base, without any curvature assumption. This theory provides an algebraic frame for the study of the confluence arising when the increment of a difference equation tends to 0.

迭代积分与广义迭代积分

Iterated and Generalized Iterated Integrals

本文分析了具有代数闭常数域的微分域中微分Galois群为幂零代数群的Picard-Vessiot扩张结构，并应用于研究有限项积分稳定性及微分Galois理论反问题。

A Chevalley theorem for difference equations

By a theorem of Chevalley the image of a morphism of varieties is a constructible set. The algebraic version of this fact is usually stated as a result on "extension of specializations" or "lifting of prime ideals". We present a difference analog of this theorem. The approach is based on the philosophy that occasionally one needs to pass to higher powers of $σ$, where $σ$ is the endomorphism defining the difference structure. In other words, we consider difference pseudo fields (which are finite direct products of fields) rather than difference fields. We also prove a result on compatibility o…

Unipotent differential algebraic groups as parameterized differential Galois groups

We deal with aspects of the direct and inverse problems in parameterized Picard-Vessiot (PPV) theory. It is known that, for certain fields, a linear differential algebraic group (LDAG) G is a PPV Galois group over these fields if and only if G contains a Kolchin-dense finitely generated group. We show that, for a class of LDAGs G, including unipotent groups, G is such a group if and only if it has differential type 0. We give a procedure to determine if a parameterized linear differential equation has a PPV Galois group in this class and show how one can calculate the PPV Galois group of a par…

A Galois-theoretic proof of the differential transcendence of the incomplete Gamma function

We give simple necessary and sufficient conditions for the $\frac{\partial}{\partial t}$-transcendence of the solutions to a parameterized second order linear differential equation of the form \frac{\partial^2 Y}{\partial x^2} - p \frac{\partial Y}{\partial x} = 0, where $p\in F(x)$ is a rational function in $x$ with coefficients in a $\frac{\partial}{\partial t}$-field $F$. This result is crucial for the development of an efficient algorithm to compute the parameterized Picard-Vessiot group of an arbitrary parameterized second-order linear differential equation over $F(x)$. Our criteria imply…

代数曲线的几何阿代尔上的 Kummer 理论

Kummer theory over the geometric adeles of an algebraic curve

本文利用几何阿代尔环的 Kummer 理论，通过证明 Picard 群平凡性、建立局部-全局原理及寻找分类不变量，对代数闭域上代数曲线的有限阿贝尔 Galois 覆叠进行了纯代数刻画。

Burchnall-Chaundy理想的标准基 for常微分算子

Gröbner bases of Burchnall-Chaundy ideals for ordinary differential operators

本文提出了一种计算Burchnall-Chaundy理想标准基的算法，用于常微分算子的谱曲线研究，并证明了该理想在扩展系数域后的素性，为谱问题的Picard-Vessiot理论发展奠定基础。