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arXiv 1410.7779astro-ph.SR
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开普勒耀斑I活跃和不活跃的M矮星

Kepler Flares I. Active and Inactive M dwarfs

Suzanne L. Hawley, James R. A. Davenport, Adam F. Kowalski, John P. Wisniewski, Leslie Hebb, Russell Deitrick, Eric J. Hilton

摘要:

我们分析了开普勒短节奏M矮星观测。ARC 3.5米望远镜的光谱识别出了磁活跃(H $α$)恒星。活跃的恒星是中M光谱类型,有许多耀斑,和明确的旋转调制由于星点。不活跃的恒星是早期M型,表现出较少的星点特征,有较少的耀斑。开普勒到U波段的能量标度可以将开普勒耀斑的频率分布与以前的地面数据进行比较。M矮星的耀斑频率和能量范围很大,模糊了仅由H $α$的存在来区分活跃恒星和不活跃恒星的区别。我们分析了GJ 1243上的经典和复杂(多峰)耀斑,发现耀斑能量,振幅,持续时间和衰减时间之间有很强的相关性,只有一个弱的依赖上升时间。复杂的耀斑持续时间更长,在相同的振幅下有更高的能量,更高能量的耀斑更有可能是复杂的。幂律拟合耀斑的能量分布与log $E_{K_p} >$ 31尔格,但预测的低能量耀斑的数量远远超过观察到的数量,在能量耀斑仍然很容易检测到,表明幂律分布可能在低能量平坦。耀斑的发生和能量与星斑相位没有相关性;耀斑的等待时间分布与耀斑在时间上的随机发生一致;连续耀斑的能量不相关。这些观测结果支持这样一种假设,即恒星表面上许多独立的活动区域对观测到的耀斑速率有贡献。

英文摘要:

We analyzed Kepler short-cadence M dwarf observations. Spectra from the ARC 3.5m telescope identify magnetically active (H$α$ in emission) stars. The active stars are of mid-M spectral type, have numerous flares, and well-defined rotational modulation due to starspots. The inactive stars are of early-M type, exhibit less starspot signature, and have fewer flares. A Kepler to U-band energy scaling allows comparison of the Kepler flare frequency distributions with previous ground-based data. M dwarfs span a large range of flare frequency and energy, blurring the distinction between active and inactive stars designated solely by the presence of H$α$. We analyzed classical and complex (multiple peak) flares on GJ 1243, finding strong correlations between flare energy, amplitude, duration and decay time, with only a weak dependence on rise time. Complex flares last longer and have higher energy at the same amplitude, and higher energy flares are more likely to be complex. A power law fits the energy distribution for flares with log $E_{K_p} >$ 31 ergs, but the predicted number of low energy flares far exceeds the number observed, at energies where flares are still easily detectable, indicating that the power law distribution may flatten at low energy. There is no correlation of flare occurrence or energy with starspot phase; the flare waiting time distribution is consistent with flares occurring randomly in time; and the energies of consecutive flares are uncorrelated. These observations support a scenario where many independent active regions on the stellar surface are contributing to the observed flare rate.

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