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arXiv 2301.07552astro-ph.SRastro-ph.EP
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对TESS和Kepler探测到的恒星耀斑频率分布的修正

Correcting Stellar Flare Frequency Distributions Detected by TESS and Kepler

Dong-Yang Gao, Hui-Gen Liu, Ming Yang, Ji-Lin Zhou

摘要:

行星的可居住性与恒星活动密切相关,主要是耀斑的频率和耀斑能量的分布。Kepler和TESS通过精确的时间域光度数据发现了许多耀斑星,并统计研究了不同类型恒星上耀斑的频率和能量分布。然而,从不同的任务(如开普勒和TESS)检测到的耀斑事件的完整性和观测偏差有很大的差异。我们采用了一种基于Kepler和TESS光变曲线的统一的耀斑数据处理和探测方法。然后,我们在每个耀斑事件的每个恒星的原始光变曲线进行注入和恢复测试,以校正耀斑的完整性和能量。从Kepler和TESS中选取了三个耀斑星样本,自转周期为1 ~ $\sim$ 5天。采用热黑体假设,结果表明,经过修正后,同一恒星在Kepler和TESS波段的累积耀斑频率分布趋于一致,揭示了更自然的耀斑频率和能量分布。我们的结果还扩展了低能极限的累积FFD拟合$10^{31.5-33}$尔格上不同类型的恒星。对于太阳型恒星,累积FFD的平均功率律指数($α_{\rm cum}$)为$-0.84$,表明低能耀斑对总耀斑能量的贡献较小。由于$α_{\rm cum}$和$T_{\rm eff}$之间存在分段相关性,从M2到K1恒星,$α_{\rm cum}$首先随$T_{\rm eff}$升高,然后在温度高于K1的恒星上略有降低。

英文摘要:

The habitability of planets is closely connected with the stellar activity, mainly the frequency of flares and the distribution of flare energy. Kepler and TESS find many flaring stars are detected via precise time-domain photometric data, and the frequency and energy distribution of stellar flares on different types of stars are studied statistically. However, the completeness and observational bias of detected flare events from different missions (e.g. Kepler and TESS) vary a lot. We use a unified data processing and detection method for flares events based on the light curve from Kepler and TESS. Then we perform injection and recovery tests in the original light curve of each star for each flare event to correct the completeness and energy of flares. Three samples of flaring stars are selected from Kepler and TESS, with rotating periods from 1 to $\sim$ 5 days. Adopting a hot-blackbody assumption, our results show that the cumulative flare frequency distributions (FFDs) of the same stars in Kepler and TESS bands tend to be consistent after correction, revealing a more natural flaring frequency and energy distribution. Our results also extend the low-energy limit in cumulative FFD fitting to $10^{31.5-33}$ erg on different types of stars. For solar-type stars, the average power-law index of cumulative FFD ($α_{\rm cum}$) is $-0.84$, which indicates that low-energy flares contribute less to the total flare energy. With a piecewise correlation between $α_{\rm cum}$ and $T_{\rm eff}$, $α_{\rm cum}$ first rises with $T_{\rm eff}$ from M2 to K1 stars, then slightly decreases for stars hotter than K1.

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