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arXiv 1410.7232astro-ph.SR
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大质量恒星形成过程中的氘和演化:表面化学的作用

Deuteration and evolution in the massive star formation process: the role of surface chemistry

F. Fontani, G. Busquet, Aina Palau, P. Caselli, A., Sanchez-Monge, J. C. Tan, M. Audard

摘要:

越来越多的观测和理论证据表明,氘化分数(含D的物质与其氢化对应物Dfrac之间的柱密度比)是低质量和高质量恒星形成过程中的演化指标。然而,表面化学在这些研究中的作用还没有从观察的角度进行量化。为了比较仅在气体中和部分或唯一在颗粒表面上形成的物种的氘代分数如何随时间演化,我们用IRAM-30 m望远镜观察了CH_3OH、~(13)CH_3OH、CH_2DOH、CH_3 OD在3和1.3 mm处的转动跃迁,以及NH_2D在3 mm处的转动跃迁,用GBT观察了NH_3的反转跃迁(1,1)和(2,2)。对Fontani等人已经观察到的大多数核心。(2011,2014)在N2 H+、N2 D+、HNC、DNC中。NH 2D在所有的核心,但两个检测,无论进化阶段。Dfrac(NH3)平均值在0.1以上,从最早期到最演化的阶段变化不大,但在原恒星阶段平均值最高(~0.3)。CH 2DOH和CH 3 OD的谱线很少被清楚地探测到,并且只朝向原恒星核或外部加热的无星核。这项工作清楚地证实了预期的不同的物种形成的气体(N2 D+和N2 H+)和部分(NH 2D和NH3)或全部(CH 2DOH和CH 3OH)的颗粒地幔的演化趋势。这项研究还加强了这样一种观点,即Dfrac(N2 H+)是大质量无星核心的最佳示踪剂,而Dfrac(CH 3OH)的高值似乎是早期原恒星阶段的良好示踪剂,在该阶段,颗粒地幔的蒸发/溅射是最有效的。

英文摘要:

An ever growing number of observational and theoretical evidence suggests that the deuterated fraction (column density ratio between a species containing D and its hydrogenated counterpart, Dfrac) is an evolutionary indicator both in the low- and the high-mass star formation process. However, the role of surface chemistry in these studies has not been quantified from an observational point of view. In order to compare how the deuterated fractions of species formed only in the gas and partially or uniquely on grain surfaces evolve with time, we observed rotational transitions of CH3OH, 13CH3OH, CH2DOH, CH3OD at 3 and 1.3~mm, and of NH2D at 3~mm with the IRAM-30m telescope, and the inversion transitions (1,1) and (2,2) of NH3 with the GBT, towards most of the cores already observed by Fontani et al.~(2011, 2014) in N2H+, N2D+, HNC, DNC. NH2D is detected in all but two cores, regardless of the evolutionary stage. Dfrac(NH3) is on average above 0.1, and does not change significantly from the earliest to the most evolved phases, although the highest average value is found in the protostellar phase (~0.3). Few lines of CH2DOH and CH3OD are clearly detected, and only towards protostellar cores or externally heated starless cores. This work clearly confirms an expected different evolutionary trend of the species formed exclusively in the gas (N2D+ and N2H+) and those formed partially (NH2D and NH3) or totally (CH2DOH and CH3OH) on grain mantles. The study also reinforces the idea that Dfrac(N2H+) is the best tracer of massive starless cores, while high values of Dfrac(CH3OH) seem rather good tracers of the early protostellar phases, at which the evaporation/sputtering of the grain mantles is most efficient.

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