大质量恒星在塑造星系结构方面起着重要作用。红外暗云(IRDC),其低温和高密度,已被确定为大质量恒星的潜在诞生地。为了了解大质量恒星的形成过程,必须对红外暗云的物理和化学条件进行表征。本文的目的是研究南部红外暗云样品的化学组成。观测的一个重要方面是检查IRDC中的分子丰度是否与低质量的前星核相似,或者它们是否显示出更进化的进化阶段的特征。我们对15个IRDC在86和93 GHz之间的频率范围内使用22米Mopra射电望远镜进行观测。我们检测到HNC,HCO $^+$和HNC的发射在所有的云和N $_2$ H $^+$在所有的IRDC除了一个。在某些云层中,我们探测到一氧化硅的辐射。在所有IRDC中发现HCO $^+$发射线轮廓的复杂形状。这两个特征都表明存在着流入和流出运动,以及恒星形成活动的开始,至少在IRDC的某些部分。在可能的情况下,我们计算分子丰度,并与以前获得的低质量的前恒星核心和高质量的原恒星物体(HMPO)的值进行比较。我们显示出一种倾向,IRDC的分子丰度类似于低质量的恒星前的核心,而不是我们的单碟观测规模的HMPO丰度。
英文摘要:
Massive stars play an important role in shaping the structure of galaxies. Infrared dark clouds (IRDCs), with their low temperatures and high densities, have been identified as the potential birthplaces of massive stars. In order to understand the formation processes of massive stars the physical and chemical conditions in infrared dark clouds have to be characterized. The goal of this paper is to investigate the chemical composition of a sample of southern infrared dark clouds. One important aspect of the observations is to check, if the molecular abuncances in IRDCs are similar to the low-mass pre-stellar cores, or whether they show signatures of more evolved evolutionary stages. We performed observations toward 15 IRDCs in the frequency range between 86 and 93 GHz using the 22-m Mopra radio telescope. We detect HNC, HCO$^+$ and HNC emission in all clouds and N$_2$H$^+$ in all IRDCs except one. In some clouds we detect SiO emission. Complicated shapes of the HCO$^+$ emission line profile are found in all IRDCs. Both signatures indicates the presence of infall and outflow motions and beginning of star formation activity, at least in some parts of the IRDCs. Where possible, we calculate molecular abundances and make a comparison with previously obtained values for low-mass pre-stellar cores and high-mass protostellar objects (HMPOs). We show a tendency for IRDCs to have molecular abundances similar to low-mass pre-stellar cores rather than to HMPOs abundances on the scale of our single-dish observations.
The Astrochemical Evolution of Turbulent Giant Molecular Clouds : I - Physical Processes and Method of Solution for Hydrodynamic, Embedded Starless Clouds
Clouds and Chemistry Across the Brown Dwarf T-Y Sequence: Insights from JWST Atmospheric Retrievals
Ludwig Maximilian University(路德维希-马克西米利安大学);University of Bern(伯尔尼大学);ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern(伯尔尼大学ARTORG生物医学工程研究中心);University College London(伦敦大学学院);University of Warwick(华威大学)
University of Tokyo(东京大学);Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA(天体生物学中心(CAB),西班牙国家航空航天技术研究所与西班牙国家科学研究委员会联合);Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik(马克斯·普朗克地外物理研究所)
The impact of freeze-out on collapsing molecular clouds
原子和分子,尤其是CO,是星际恒星形成气体云演化过程中的重要冷却剂。尘埃颗粒的存在,使许多化学反应发生在其表面,强烈影响云的化学成分。在低温下,尘埃颗粒可以锁定气相中的物质,这些物质冻结并形成冰。从这个意义上说,灰尘会耗尽重要的冷却剂。我们的目的是了解冻结的热平衡和引力约束的分子云的演变的影响。为此,我们进行三维流体动力学模拟与自适应网格代码FLASH。我们在两种不同的条件下模拟了重力不稳定云,有和没有粮食表面化学。我们让云的演变,直到一个自由落体的时间是达到和跟踪的热演化和丰富的物种在这段时间。我们看到,在数密度为10 $^4$ cm $^{-3}$时,大多数CO分子在与颗粒表面化学的运行中冻结在尘埃颗粒上,从而剥夺了最重要的冷却剂。结果,我们发现气体的温度上升到$\sim$ 25 K。当密度达到几个$\times$ 10 $^4$ cm $^{-3}$时,由于气体-颗粒碰撞冷却,温度再次下降。我们的结论是,晶粒表面化学不仅影响气相中的化学丰度,但也留下了明显的印记,影响恒星形成云的碎片的热演化。作为最后一步,我们提出了一个崩溃的分子云,包括粮食表面化学的状态方程。
Mapping the Cloud-Driven Atmospheric Dynamics & Chemistry of an Isolated Exoplanet Analog with Harmonic Signatures
United States Air Force Academy(美国空军学院);Boston University(波士顿大学);School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin(都柏林三一学院物理学院);Départment de Physique, Université de Montréal, IREX(蒙特利尔大学物理系);Observatoire du Mont-Mégantic, Université de Montréal(蒙特利尔大学蒙梅格尼天文台);McGill University(麦吉尔大学)
Dynamically Coupled Three-dimensional Cloud-Chemistry in Rapidly Rotating Irradiated Atmospheres: an Application to the Compact White Dwarf-Brown Dwarf system ZTFJ0038+2030
Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University(李政道研究所,上海交通大学);School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University(物理与天文学院,上海交通大学);State Key Laboratory of Dark Matter Physics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University(暗物质物理全国重点实验室,上海交通大学);Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia(天文学系,弗吉尼亚大学);School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester(物理与天文学院,莱斯特大学);School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham(物理与天文学院,伯明翰大学);Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern(太空与宜居性中心,伯尔尼大学);Space Telescope Science Institute(太空望远镜科学研究所);Université de la Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange(蔚蓝海岸大学,蔚蓝海岸天文台,法国国家科学研究中心,拉格朗日实验室)