arXivDaily arXiv每日学术速递 周一至周五更新
arXiv周末暂无论文更新,休息一下吧,周末愉快~~
arXiv 1409.6473astro-ph.GAastro-ph.SR
收藏

Herschel低质量恒星形成区中的水:原恒星包层中水、气体和冰之间的联系

Water in Low-Mass Star-Forming Regions with Herschel: The Link Between Water Gas and Ice in Protostellar Envelopes

M. Schmalzl, R. Visser, C. Walsh, T. Albertsson, E. F. van Dishoeck, L. E. Kristensen, J. C. Mottram

摘要:

目的:我们的目标是确定水化学的关键参数和水对氧预算的贡献,通过观察和模拟11个低质量原恒星的样本,这两种形式的水已经观察到的水的气体和冰。研究方法:一个简化的化学网络,这是对更复杂的化学网络的基准,开发,包括必要的成分,以确定水蒸气和冰的丰度分布在寒冷的,外部信封中的温度增加对原恒星。将这个化学网络的结果与水排放线和先前公布的水冰柱密度的观测结果进行比较,使我们能够探测各种因素的影响(例如,FUV场、初始丰度、时间尺度和运动学)。结果如下:在我们的样品中,观测到的水冰氢核丰度为30- 80 ppm,因此仅含有320 ppm挥发性氧预算的10-30%。重现这一结果的关键是在坍缩前阶段后初始水冰丰度较低,以及原子氧不能在T(尘埃)>15 K的区域冻结并形成水冰。这需要星前核心的寿命短于约0.1Myr。通过FUV光解吸、光解离和冻结的相互作用,形成水蒸气分布。水蒸气线轮廓是FUV光子通量和包络运动学的宝贵示踪剂。结论:只有一小部分的氧收支被锁在水冰中,这一发现可以解释为,在n(H)~ 1 e4 cm-3的密度下,坍塌前的时间短于100万年,或者是其他一些过程重新设定了坍塌后阶段的初始水冰丰度。理解水冰丰度的一个关键是冰上原子氧的结合能。

英文摘要:

Aims: Our aim is to determine the critical parameters in water chemistry and the contribution of water to the oxygen budget by observing and modelling water gas and ice for a sample of eleven low-mass protostars, for which both forms of water have been observed. Methods: A simplified chemistry network, which is benchmarked against more sophisticated chemical networks, is developed that includes the necessary ingredients to determine the water vapour and ice abundance profiles in the cold, outer envelope in which the temperature increases towards the protostar. Comparing the results from this chemical network to observations of water emission lines and previously published water ice column densities, allows us to probe the influence of various agents (e.g., FUV field, initial abundances, timescales, and kinematics). Results: The observed water ice abundances with respect to hydrogen nuclei in our sample are 30-80ppm, and therefore contain only 10-30% of the volatile oxygen budget of 320ppm. The keys to reproduce this result are a low initial water ice abundance after the pre-collapse phase together with the fact that atomic oxygen cannot freeze-out and form water ice in regions with T(dust)>15 K. This requires short prestellar core lifetimes of less than about 0.1Myr. The water vapour profile is shaped through the interplay of FUV photodesorption, photodissociation, and freeze-out. The water vapour line profiles are an invaluable tracer for the FUV photon flux and envelope kinematics. Conclusions: The finding that only a fraction of the oxygen budget is locked in water ice can be explained either by a short pre-collapse time of less than 0.1 Myr at densities of n(H)~1e4 cm-3, or by some other process that resets the initial water ice abundance for the post-collapse phase. A key for the understanding of the water ice abundance is the binding energy of atomic oxygen on ice.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

↑