We report the detection of a unique CO2 ice band toward the deeply embedded, low-mass protostar HOPS-68. Our spectrum, obtained with the Infrared Spectrograph onboard the Spitzer Space Telescope, reveals a 15.2 micron CO2 ice bending mode profile that cannot modeled with the same ice structure typically found toward other protostars. We develop a modified CO2 ice profile decomposition, including the addition of new high-quality laboratory spectra of pure, crystalline CO2 ice. Using this model, we find that 87-92% of the CO2 is sequestered as spherical, CO2-rich mantles, while typical interstellar ices show evidence of irregularly-shaped, hydrogen-rich mantles. We propose that (1) the nearly complete absence of unprocessed ices along the line-of-sight is due to the flattened envelope structure of HOPS-68, which lacks cold absorbing material in its outer envelope, and possesses an extreme concentration of material within its inner (10 AU) envelope region and (2) an energetic event led to the evaporation of inner envelope ices, followed by cooling and re-condensation, explaining the sequestration of spherical, CO2 ice mantles in a hydrogen-poor mixture. The mechanism responsible for the sublimation could be either a transient accretion event or shocks in the interaction region between the protostellar outflow and envelope. The proposed scenario is consistent with the rarity of the observed CO2 ice profile, the formation of nearly pure CO2 ice, and the production of spherical ice mantles. HOPS-68 may therefore provide a unique window into the protostellar feedback process, as outflows and heating shape the physical and chemical structure of protostellar envelopes and molecular clouds.
The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars I. Identifying and Characterizing the Protostellar Content of the OMC2-FIR4 and OMC2-FIR3 Regions
A breath of fresh air: Oxygen enhancement from silicate sublimation during early protostellar evolution
Leiden University(莱顿大学);Ventspils University of Applied Sciences(文茨皮尔斯应用科学大学);University of Michigan(密歇根大学);Purdue University(普渡大学);Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik(马克斯·普朗克地外物理研究所)
The VLA Nascent Disk And Multiplicity Survey of Perseus Protostars (VANDAM). IV. Free-Free Emission from Protostars: Links to Infrared Properties, Outflow Tracers, and Protostellar Disk Masses
原恒星在厘米无线电波长的辐射被证明可以追踪原恒星驱动的喷流和外流所产生的电离冲击所产生的自由-自由辐射。因此,在射频下测量原恒星的特性可以为了解其外流和喷流的性质提供有价值的见解。我们提出了一个C波段(4.1厘米和6.4厘米)调查的所有已知的原恒星(0类和I类)在英仙座的VLA新生盘和多重性(VANDAM)调查的一部分。我们检查已知的无线电通量密度和原恒星参数之间的相关性,如热光度和外流力,为我们的样本。我们还研究了射电流量密度与赫歇尔远红外线光度之间的关系。我们发现,自由-自由发射最有可能来自J型冲击,然而,大的分散表明,这两种类型的发射探测不同的时间和空间尺度。使用C-波段通量,我们删除了估计的自由-自由污染相应的Ka波段(9毫米)的通量密度,主要探测尘埃排放嵌入磁盘。我们发现,紧凑型($<$ ~1”)的灰尘排放是较低的第一类源(中位灰尘质量96 M $_{\oplus}$)相对于0级(248 M $_{\oplus}$),但几倍高于第二类(5-15 M $_{\oplus}$)。如果这种致密的尘埃排放主要是追踪嵌入的盘,就像许多来源一样,这一结果提供了证据,表明随着原恒星的演化,盘的质量逐渐减少,有足够的质量形成巨行星核心。
The Structure and Kinematics of Three Class 0 Protostellar Jets from JWST
Ritter Astrophysical Research Center, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Toledo(托莱多大学物理与天文学系里特天文研究中心);INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte(意大利国家天体物理研究所卡波迪蒙特天文台);Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology(加州理工学院喷气推进实验室);Tata Institute of Fundamental Research(塔塔基础研究所);Department of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin(德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校天文学系);Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano(米兰大学物理系);Leiden Observatory, Leiden University(莱顿大学莱顿天文台);Max Planck Institute for Astronomy(马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所);Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Concepción(康塞普西翁大学天文学系)
Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk). XX. Constraining the Chemical Tracers of Young Protostellar Sources
Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen(哥本哈根大学尼尔斯·玻尔研究所);Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan(密歇根大学天文学系);Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University(普渡大学物理与天文系);Department of Physics and Astronomy, SNU Astronomy Research Center, Seoul National University(首尔大学SNU天文研究中心物理与天文系);Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo(东京大学理学研究科天文学系);Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna(博洛尼亚大学物理与天文系);Star and Planet Formation Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research(RIKEN前沿研究集群恒星与行星形成实验室);Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica(中央研究院天文及天文物理研究所);National Radio Astronomy Observatory(美国国家射电天文台)
Imaging the water snowline around protostars with water and HCO$^+$ isotopologues
水雪线在原恒星包层的位置提供了关于热结构和质量吸积过程的重要信息,因为它可以告知最近($\lesssim$ 1,000年)吸积爆发的发生。此外,这些水源还具有对水排放进行成像的能力,因此是测试间接雪线示踪剂(如H $^{13}$ CO $^+$)的理想实验室。利用阿塔卡玛大型毫米/亚毫米波阵列(ALMA)在$\sim$ 0.2 $^{\prime\prime}-$ 0.7 $^{\prime\prime}$(60 - 210 au)分辨率下进行的一系列分子线观测,研究了英仙座5个原恒星包层中的水雪线。B1-c提供了由H $^{13}$ CO $^+$($J=2-1$)和HC $^{18}$ O $^+$($J=3-2$)的环包围的紧凑H $_2^{18}$ O($3_{1,3}-2_{2,0}$)和HDO($3_{1,2}-2_{2,1}$)发射的教科书示例。在B1-bS方向也检测到被H $^{13}$ CO $^+$包围的致密HDO。光学厚的主要同位素体HCO $^+$不适合追踪雪线,HC $^{18}$ O $^+$是比H $^{13}$ CO $^+$更好的示踪剂,这是由于外包络的贡献较低。然而,由于需要进行详细的分析,以从H $^{13}$ CO $^+$或HC $^{18}$ O $^+$排放量中得出雪线位置,因此它们作为雪线示踪剂的真正价值将在于在水不易被检测到的水源中…
Mapping of interstellar ices with JWST in protostellar envelopes: Spatial variations of $^{13}$CO$_2$, $^{12}$CO$_2$, CO, OCN$^-$ and H$_2$O ice
Leiden University(莱顿大学);Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik(马克斯·普朗克地外物理研究所);University of Hawai’i at Manoa(夏威夷大学马诺阿分校);University of Cambridge(剑桥大学);Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian(哈佛与史密森尼天体物理中心);Max Planck Institute for Astronomy(马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所);INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte(意大利国家天体物理研究所卡波迪蒙特天文台);The University of Toledo(托莱多大学)