国家的科学竞争力
The Scientific Competitiveness of Nations
摘要：
我们使用引用数据的科学文章产生的各个国家在不同的科学领域，以确定国家研究系统的结构和效率。我们的特点是每个国家的科学健身（即，其研究系统的竞争力）和每个科学领域的复杂性，通过一个非线性迭代算法能够定量评估科学多样化的优势。我们发现，技术领先的国家，除了拥有最多的科学论文产量和最多的引用次数，并不专注于少数科学领域。相反，他们尽可能地使他们的研究系统多样化。另一方面，欠发达国家只有在其他许多国家也存在的科学领域才具有竞争力。因此，多样化是与科学和技术竞争力相关的关键因素。这种科学竞争结构的一个显著含义是，发挥国家科学竞争力“标志”作用的科学领域不一定是技术要求高的领域，而是解决社会最“复杂”需求的领域。
英文摘要：
We use citation data of scientific articles produced by individual nations in different scientific domains to determine the structure and efficiency of national research systems. We characterize the scientific fitness of each nation (that is, the competitiveness of its research system) and the complexity of each scientific domain by means of a non-linear iterative algorithm able to assess quantitatively the advantage of scientific diversification. We find that technological leading nations, beyond having the largest production of scientific papers and the largest number of citations, do not specialize in a few scientific domains. Rather, they diversify as much as possible their research system. On the other side, less developed nations are competitive only in scientific domains where also many other nations are present. Diversification thus represents the key element that correlates with scientific and technological competitiveness. A remarkable implication of this structure of the scientific competition is that the scientific domains playing the role of "markers" of national scientific competitiveness are those not necessarily of high technological requirements, but rather addressing the most "sophisticated" needs of the society.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
