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arXiv 1409.4904q-bio.PEphysics.bio-ph
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toyLIFE:一个研究基因型-表型图谱多级组织的计算框架

toyLIFE: a computational framework to study the multi-level organization of the genotype-phenotype map

Clemente F. Arias, Pablo Catalán, Susanna Manrubia, José A. Cuesta

摘要:

基因型-表型图谱是我们理解生物体复杂性和适应性的一个重要对象,它可以立即确定基因组的可塑性和那些可能限制基因组实现进化创新能力的约束。基因型和表型之间的关系的详尽的实验表征目前是遥不可及的。因此,已经提出并研究了几种模拟该图谱的模型,从而确定了一些一般特征:基因型对突变的鲁棒性不同,表型由广泛变化的基因型数量表示,简单的点突变似乎足以在保持表型的同时导航基因型空间。然而,目前大多数模型只涉及地图的一个层面(RNA或蛋白质中的序列和折叠结构;基因网络及其动态吸引子;化学反应集及其进行分子催化的能力),因此许多相关问题无法解决。在这里,我们介绍toyLIFE,一个多层次的模型的基因型-表型地图的基础上简单的基因组和相互作用的规则,从一个复杂的行为在上层出现,显着的塑料基因调控网络和代谢。toyLIFE是一种工具,它允许研究不同水平是如何耦合的,特别是突变如何以及在何处影响表型,或者某些代谢物的存在如何决定toyLIFE基因调控网络的动态。这个模型的可能性并没有用尽的结果在这方面的贡献。它可以很容易地概括为通过改变基因组长度的突变或通过重组纳入进化,考虑基因复制或缺失,因此探索扩展的基因型-表型图的进一步性质。

英文摘要:

The genotype-phenotype map is an essential object in our understanding of organismal complexity and adaptive properties, determining at once genomic plasticity and those constraints that may limit the ability of genomes to attain evolutionary innovations. An exhaustive experimental characterization of the relationship between genotypes and phenotypes is at present out of reach. Therefore, several models mimicking that map have been proposed and investigated, leading to the identification of a number of general features: genotypes differ in their robustness to mutations, phenotypes are represented by a broadly varying number of genotypes, and simple point mutations seem to suffice to navigate the space of genotypes while maintaining a phenotype. However, most current models address only one level of the map (sequences and folded structures in RNA or proteins; networks of genes and their dynamical attractors; sets of chemical reactions and their ability to undergo molecular catalysis), such that many relevant questions cannot be addressed. Here we introduce toyLIFE, a multi-level model for the genotype-phenotype map based on simple genomes and interaction rules from which a complex behavior at upper levels emerges, remarkably plastic gene regulatory networks and metabolism. toyLIFE is a tool that permits the investigation of how different levels are coupled, in particular how and where do mutations affect phenotype or how the presence of certain metabolites determines the dynamics of toyLIFE gene regulatory networks. The possibilities of this model are not exhausted by the results presented in this contribution. It can be easily generalized to incorporate evolution through mutations that change genome length or through recombination, to consider gene duplication or deletion, and therefore to explore further properties of extended genotype-phenotype maps.

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