基因型的神经网络：幕后的进化
Neutral networks of genotypes: Evolution behind the curtain
摘要：
自从150年前查尔斯·R·达尔文的《物种起源》一书出版以来，我们对进化过程的理解已经有了很大的进步。达尔文.二十世纪见证了在正式理论框架内拥抱复制、突变和选择的巨大努力，最终能够预测进化种群的动态和命运。然而，在过去几十年中收集的大量经验证据强烈表明，这些经典模型的一些假设需要进行深刻的修正。生物体的生存能力不依赖于独特和最佳的基因型。发现大量基因型（或中性网络）产生相同的表型-在最后一个术语中是相同的生物体-揭示了，很有可能，通过对基因组空间的低成本探索，可以在种群中找到，获得和固定非常不同的功能解决方案。“幕后的进化”可能是进化论面临的一些当前难题的答案，比如在化石记录中观察到的经过很长时间停滞的快速物种形成过程。
英文摘要：
Our understanding of the evolutionary process has gone a long way since the publication, 150 years ago, of "On the origin of species" by Charles R. Darwin. The XXth Century witnessed great efforts to embrace replication, mutation, and selection within the framework of a formal theory, able eventually to predict the dynamics and fate of evolving populations. However, a large body of empirical evidence collected over the last decades strongly suggests that some of the assumptions of those classical models necessitate a deep revision. The viability of organisms is not dependent on a unique and optimal genotype. The discovery of huge sets of genotypes (or neutral networks) yielding the same phenotype --in the last term the same organism--, reveals that, most likely, very different functional solutions can be found, accessed and fixed in a population through a low-cost exploration of the space of genomes. The 'evolution behind the curtain' may be the answer to some of the current puzzles that evolutionary theory faces, like the fast speciation process that is observed in the fossil record after very long stasis periods.
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