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arXiv 1408.1979astro-ph.EPphysics.comp-ph
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支持小行星取样机制设计的对风化层的低速撞击模拟I.:与1-g实验的比较

Low-speed Impact Simulations into Regolith in Support of Asteroid Sampling Mechanism Design I.: Comparison with 1-g Experiments

Stephen R. Schwartz, Patrick Michel, Derek C. Richardson, Hajime Yano

摘要:

这项研究是在小行星取样返回飞行任务的框架内进行的,这些飞行任务使用低速射弹作为其取样机制的主要组成部分(例如,日本宇宙航空研究开发机构的隼鸟和隼鸟2号飞行任务)。我们进行数值模拟,这种影响到颗粒状材料使用不同的弹丸形状下地球的重力。然后,我们将模拟中获得的喷射质量与使用类似设置的实验中发现的质量进行比较,这使我们能够验证我们的数值方法。对于目标,我们考虑2种不同的单分散颗粒直径尺寸:5 mm和3 mm。弹丸的撞击速度为11 m/s $^{-1}$,方向向下,垂直于目标的表面。使用软球离散元法(SSDEM)的$N$ -体重力树代码PKDGRAV,以前验证的情况下,到烧结玻璃珠团聚体的低速冲击的实施,我们发现一个显着的依赖性的抛射体的形状上的质量的量。如在实验中发现的,在较大的目标颗粒尺寸(5 mm)的情况下,圆锥形射弹比其他形状的射弹(包括盘和球)发射更大量的质量。然后,我们发现,数值的结果是敏感的正常的恢复恢复系数的颗粒,特别是对目标的影响,包括较小的颗粒(3毫米)。我们还发现,静摩擦起着更重要的作用,冲击到目标组成的较大的晶粒。作为初步演示,在微重力环境中模拟了这些考虑的设置之一。正如预期的那样,重力的减少增加了喷射的质量和撞击过程的时间尺度。我们的方法也适用于特定飞行任务设计中的采样机制条件。

英文摘要:

This study is carried out in the framework of sample-return missions to asteroids that use a low-speed projectile as the primary component of its sampling mechanism (e.g., JAXA's Hayabusa and Hayabusa2 missions). We perform numerical simulations of such impacts into granular materials using different projectile shapes under Earth's gravity. We then compare the amounts of ejected mass obtained in our simulations against what was found in experiments that used similar setups, which allows us to validate our numerical approach. For the targets, we consider 2 different monodisperse grain-diameter sizes: 5 mm and 3 mm. The impact speed of the projectile is 11 m s$^{-1}$ directed downward, perpendicular to the surface of the targets. Using an implementation of the soft-sphere discrete element method (SSDEM) in the $N$-Body gravity tree code PKDGRAV, previously validated in the context of low-speed impacts into sintered glass bead agglomerates, we find a noticeable dependence of the amount of ejected mass on the projectile shape. As found in experiments, in the case of the larger target grain size (5 mm), a conically shaped projectile ejects a greater amount of mass than do projectiles of other shapes, including disks and spheres. We then find that numerically the results are sensitive to the normal coefficient of restitution of the grains, especially for impacts into targets comprised of smaller grains (3 mm). We also find that static friction plays a more important role for impacts into targets comprised of the larger grains. As a preliminary demonstration, one of these considered setups is simulated in a microgravity environment. As expected, a reduction in gravity increases both the amount of ejected mass and the timescale of the impact process. Our methodology is also adaptable to the conditions of sampling mechanisms included in specific mission designs.

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