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arXiv 1407.0962astro-ph.GA
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星际和星周富勒烯

Interstellar and circumstellar fullerenes

J. Bernard-Salas, J. Cami, A. P. Jones, E. Peeters, E. R. Micelotta, M. Otsuka, G. C. Sloan, F. Kemper, M. Groenewegen

摘要:

富勒烯是一种特别稳定的碳分子,形状为空心球体或椭圆体,可能形成于碳星的流出物中。一旦被注入到星际介质(ISM)中,这些稳定的物种就能存活下来,因此很可能在银河系中广泛分布,在那里它们会导致星际灭绝、加热过程和复杂的化学反应。近年来,富勒烯物种C60(以及较小程度的C70)已在各种各样的拱星和星际环境中被检测到,这表明当条件有利时,富勒烯可以有效地形成。富勒烯是第一个也是唯一一个在太空中被确定的大型芳烃。因此,富勒烯的检测对于提供有关导致空间中大型复杂有机分子形成的关键化学途径的线索至关重要,并提供了一个很好的诊断工具来描述它们所处的环境。由于富勒烯与多环芳烃有许多共同的物理性质,因此了解富勒烯如何形成,进化和对其物理环境的反应将对空间中最大的有机材料库之一产生重要的见解。尽管所有这些检测,许多问题仍然存在,确切地说,富勒烯家族的哪些成员存在于太空中,它们是如何形成和进化的,以及它们的激发机制是什么。在这里,我们提出了一个概述,我们知道从天文观测富勒烯在这些不同的环境,并讨论目前的想法的激发过程。我们强调已提出的各种形成机制,讨论的物理条件有利于碳星中富勒烯的形成和/或检测,以及它们与多环芳烃,HAC和其他尘埃特征的可能联系。

英文摘要:

Fullerenes are a particularly stable class of carbon molecules in the shape of a hollow sphere or ellipsoid that might be formed in the outflows of carbon stars. Once injected into the interstellar medium (ISM), these stable species survive and are thus likely to be widespread in the Galaxy where they contribute to interstellar extinction, heating processes, and complex chemical reactions. In recent years, the fullerene species C60 (and to a lesser extent C70) have been detected in a wide variety of circumstellar and interstellar environments showing that when conditions are favourable, fullerenes are formed efficiently. Fullerenes are the first and only large aromatics firmly identified in space. The detection of fullerenes is thus crucial to provide clues as to the key chemical pathways leading to the formation of large complex organic molecules in space, and offers a great diagnostic tool to describe the environment in which they reside. Since fullerenes share many physical properties with PAHs, understanding how fullerenes form, evolve and respond to their physical environment will yield important insights into one of the largest reservoirs of organic material in space. In spite of all these detections, many questions remain about precisely which members of the fullerene family are present in space, how they form and evolve, and what their excitation mechanism is. We present here an overview of what we know from astronomical observations of fullerenes in these different environments, and discuss current thinking about the excitation process. We highlight the various formation mechanisms that have been proposed, discuss the physical conditions conducive to the formation and/or detection of fullerenes in carbon stars, and their possible connection to PAHs, HACs and other dust features.

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