太空中的石油、煤和其他有机物
Petroleum, coal and other organics in space
摘要：
本文主要根据作者的工作，结合未发表的结果，对石油和煤的未识别红外辐射（UIE）（有时也称为未识别红外带（UIBs））模型进行了评述。结果表明，石油和煤炭模型的UIE收敛和合并相当好的混合芳香族脂肪族有机纳米粒子（MAON）模型的UIE。它示出，热处理的各种基板，如多环芳烃，烷基化的多环芳烃，但也混合脂肪族/烯烃基板导致不变的碳质材料匹配的无烟煤或某些石油馏分的红外光谱。因此，混合芳香族/脂肪族有机物质的实验热处理（在空间条件下，其可以等同于通过冲击波或高能辐射的预期处理）也可以用于匹配UIE演变。另一种模拟有机物在太空中热/辐射处理的方法，可以通过碳弧来实现。以这种方式处理的简单基质会产生碳烟和过多的有机分子。通过中红外和光学光谱在太空中发现富勒烯，并且很可能在太空中形成其他复杂的相关物种，例如内嵌富勒烯（即笼内具有金属，杂原子或分子的富勒烯）。毕竟，它们的形成需要与富勒烯形成所需的条件相同的条件，前提是还可以获得金属蒸气（例如星际/拱星气体）。本文的最后一部分是关于笼内含锂的C60衍生物的研究和表征的最新结果。
英文摘要：
The petroleum and coal models of the unidentified infrared emissions (UIE), sometimes referred also as unidentified infrared bands (UIBs) has been reviewed mainly based on the work of the authors with the inclusion of unpublished results. It is shown that the petroleum and coal model of the UIE converges and merges quite well with the MAON (Mixed Aromatic Aliphatic Organic Nanoparticles) model of the UIE. It is shown that the thermal treatment of various substrates like PAHs, alkylated PAHs but also mixed aliphatic/olefinic substrates leads invariable to carbonaceous materials matching the infrared spectrum of anthracite coal or certain petroleum fractions. Thus, the experimental thermal processing (which under space conditions could be equivalent to the expected processing by shock waves or high energy radiation) of mixed aromatic/aliphatic organic matter can be used to match also the UIE evolution. Another way to simulate the thermal/radiation processing of organic matter in space, can be achieved through the carbon arc. Simple substrates processed in this way produce carbon soot and a plethora of organic molecules. Fullerenes are found in space both through mid-infrared and optical spectroscopy and it is very likely that other complex related species such as endohedral fullerenes (i.e. fullerenes with a metal, heteroatom or molecules inside the cage) may be formed in space. After all, their formation requires the same conditions as those needed for fullerene formation provided that also a metal vapour (e.g. interstellar/circumstellar gas) is available. The last part of this review is thus dedicated to the recent results on the study and characterization of an endohedral C60 derivative containing lithium inside the cage.
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