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arXiv 1406.6435astro-ph.EP
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行星形成期间大气质量损失:微行星撞击的重要性

Atmospheric Mass Loss During Planet Formation: The Importance of Planetesimal Impacts

Hilke Schlichting, Re'em Sari, Almog Yalinewich

摘要:

我们量化大气质量损失期间行星形成通过检查大气损失的巨大影响和星子吸积的贡献。巨大的撞击会引起地面的整体运动。利用解析自相似解和全数值积分,我们发现(对于绝热指数的等温大气($γ=5/3$)),地面速度的局部大气质量损失分数$v_g < 0.25 v_{esc}$由$χ_{loss}=(1.71 v_g/v_{esc})^{4.9}$给出,其中$v_{esc}$是从目标逃逸的速度。然而,全球大气质量损失是撞击物速度$v_{Imp}$和质量$m_{Imp}$的较弱函数,由$X_{loss} ~ 0.4x+1.4x^2-0.8x^3$(等温大气)和$X_{loss} ~ 0.4x+1.8x^2-1.2x^3$(绝热大气)给出,其中$x=(v_{Imp}m/v_{esc}M)$。由小行星撞击引起的大气质量损失有两种不同的过程:1)足够大的撞击物$m > \sqrt{2} ρ_0 (πh R)^{3/2}$(目前地球为25 km)能够将撞击点切平面以上的所有大气喷射出去,这是整个大气的$h/2R$,其中$h$、$R$和$ρ_0$是大气尺度高度、目标半径及其在地面的大气密度。2)较小的撞击物,但在$m>4 πρ_0 h^3$(目前的地球为1~km)以上,只能喷射出切平面以上的一小部分大气质量。我们发现,最有效的撞击物(每单位撞击物质量)的大气损失是微行星略高于下限,目前的地球大气层可能是由于大气侵蚀和挥发性传递到大气层的微行星之间的平衡。我们的结论是,在类地行星的形成历史中,微行星撞击可能在大气质量损失中发挥了重要作用。(节录)

英文摘要:

We quantify the atmospheric mass loss during planet formation by examining the contributions to atmospheric loss from both giant impacts and planetesimal accretion. Giant impacts cause global motion of the ground. Using analytic self-similar solutions and full numerical integrations we find (for isothermal atmospheres with adiabatic index ($γ=5/3$) that the local atmospheric mass loss fraction for ground velocities $v_g < 0.25 v_{esc}$ is given by $χ_{loss}=(1.71 v_g/v_{esc})^{4.9}$, where $v_{esc}$ is the escape velocity from the target. Yet, the global atmospheric mass loss is a weaker function of the impactor velocity $v_{Imp}$ and mass $m_{Imp}$ and given by $X_{loss} ~ 0.4x+1.4x^2-0.8x^3$ (isothermal atmosphere) and $X_{loss} ~ 0.4x+1.8x^2-1.2x^3$ (adiabatic atmosphere), where $x=(v_{Imp}m/v_{esc}M)$. Atmospheric mass loss due to planetesimal impacts proceeds in two different regimes: 1) Large enough impactors $m > \sqrt{2} ρ_0 (πh R)^{3/2}$ (25~km for the current Earth), are able to eject all the atmosphere above the tangent plane of the impact site, which is $h/2R$ of the whole atmosphere, where $h$, $R$ and $ρ_0$ are the atmospheric scale height, radius of the target, and its atmospheric density at the ground. 2) Smaller impactors, but above $m>4 πρ_0 h^3$ (1~km for the current Earth) are only able to eject a fraction of the atmospheric mass above the tangent plane. We find that the most efficient impactors (per unit impactor mass) for atmospheric loss are planetesimals just above that lower limit and that the current atmosphere of the Earth could have resulted from an equilibrium between atmospheric erosion and volatile delivery to the atmosphere from planetesimals. We conclude that planetesimal impacts are likely to have played a major role in atmospheric mass loss over the formation history of the terrestrial planets. (Abridged)

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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