从LHC光度升级中的辐射损伤看铜的行为
The behaviour of copper in view of radiation damage in the LHC luminosity upgrade
摘要：
考虑到LHC加速器亮度升级中四极杆的安全运行，铜稳定器在低温下对各种高能辐射源的响应是至关重要的。本研究考虑到预期的高能量谱的同时辐射的中子，质子，π介子，电子和光子，计算使用FLUKA代码由F。Cerutti（CERN）以及文献价值。发现质子辐照引起的损伤比中子辐照高得多：尽管质子分数为3.8%，但测得的损伤为20%的量级，这与N. Mokhov（费米实验室）关于质子对dpa的贡献。同样的计算表明，质子、π介子和电子的总效应至少与中子的效应一样高。由于Nakamoto等人最近的中子实验表明，对于10^{21} n/cm^{2}的注量，Cu的RRR从200降低到50-120，因此，包含所有高能量源将导致RRR值远低于50，从而危及稳定性和保护。这一结果证实了在四极杆内部包括钨屏蔽的必要性。
英文摘要：
In view of the safe operation of the quadrupoles in the luminosity upgrade of the LHC accelerator, the response of the copper stabilizer at low temperatures to the various high energy radiation sources is of primary importance. The present study takes into account the expected high energy spectrum of the simultaneous radiation by neutrons, protons, pions, electrons and photons, calculated using the FLUKA code by F. Cerutti (CERN) as well as on literature values. It was found that proton irradiation causes a considerably higher damage than neutron irradiation: in spite of a 3.8% proton fraction, the measured damage is of the order of 20%, which fits with the calculations of N. Mokhov (Fermilab) on the contribution of protons to the dpa. The same calculations indicate that the total effect of protons, pions and electrons is at least as high as that of neutrons. Since recent neutron experiments of Nakamoto et al. show that the RRR of Cu is reduced from 200 to 50-120 for a fluence of 10^{21} n/cm^{2}, it follows that the inclusion of all high energy sources would lead to RRR values well below 50, thus endangering stability and protection. This result confirms the necessity of including a tungsten shield inside the quadrupoles.
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