一种评估性能受限的Nb₃Sn加速器磁体线圈损伤的冶金检测方法
A Metallurgical Inspection Method to Assess the Damage in Performance-Limiting Nb3Sn Accelerator Magnet Coils
AI总结：
针对Nb₃Sn加速器磁体线圈因脆性缺陷易失超、性能受限的问题，研究开发了结合无损与有损技术的新型冶金检测方法，可精确评估失超相关的股线损伤，并在多只不合格四极磁体线圈上验证了效果。
摘要：
基于Nb₃Sn的二极磁体和四极磁体的设计与生产，对欧洲核子研究组织（CERN）高亮度大型强子对撞机（HL-LHC）的实现至关重要。Nb₃Sn超导线圈旨在提升HL-LHC及未来项目中加速器磁体的偏转强度和聚焦强度。由于Nb₃Sn具有脆性特性，线圈的制造步骤极具挑战性，需要极为严格的质量保证/质量控制（QA/QC）。Nb₃Sn丝材中的缺陷可能引发失超，最终导致磁体测试时性能低于标称值。\n本研究开发了一种包含先进无损检测与有损检测技术的新型检测方法，用于探究性能受限线圈中发生失超的根本原因，并展示了通过该创新检测方法在MQXF线圈上获得的最相关结果。该方法能够精确评估与磁体线圈发生的失超相关的物理事件，这些失超主要表现为股线损伤，且带有横向断裂的子元件。\n本文将阐述线圈切片制备、横向与纵向截面的显微光学观测，以及铜的深腐蚀技术，重点介绍针对三类线圈的研究结果：一只是来自不合格四极磁体原型的CERN线圈，另外两只由美国制造，分别来自加速器升级项目（AUP）合作框架下的两个不同的不合格四极磁体。本文还将展示通过所提出的检测方法获得的结果。
英文摘要：
The design and production of Nb3Sn-based dipole and quadrupole magnets is critical for the realization of the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). Nb3Sn superconducting coils are aimed at enhancing the bending and focusing strengths of accelerator magnets for HL-LHC and beyond. Due to the brittle nature of Nb3Sn, the coil fabrication steps are very challenging and require very careful QA/QC. Flaws in the Nb3Sn filaments may lead to quenches, and eventually, performance limitation below nominal during magnet testing. A novel inspection method, including advanced non-destructive and destructive techniques, was developed to explore the root-causes of quenches occurring in performance-limiting coils. The most relevant results obtained for MQXF coils through this innovative inspection method are presented. This approach allows for precise assessment of the physical events associated to the quenches experienced b y magnet coils, mainly occurring under the form of damaged strands with transversely broken sub-elements. Coil-slice preparation, micro-optical observations of transverse and longitudinal cross-sections, and a deep etching technique of copper will be illustrated in the present work, with a focus on the results achieved for a CERN coil from a non-conforming quadrupole magnet prototype, and two coils fabricated in the US, in the framework of the Accelerator Upgrade Project (AUP) collaboration, from two different non-conforming quadrupole magnets, respectively. The results obtained through the proposed inspection method will be illustrated.
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