Tevatron和大型强子对撞机中束晕扩散和粒子数密度的测量
Measurements of beam halo diffusion and population density in the Tevatron and in the Large Hadron Collider
摘要：
晕动力学影响全球加速器的性能：束流寿命，发射度增长，动态孔径和准直效率。光晕监测和控制对于高功率机器的运行也至关重要。例如，在LHC的高亮度升级中，储存在束尾中的能量可能达到几兆焦耳。快速损耗会导致超导磁体失超、磁体损坏甚至准直器变形。需要测量束晕并以可控的速率去除它。在Tevatron和LHC中，通过观察在不同的实验条件下小的向内或向外的准直器步骤之后的损失的时间演变，用准直器扫描测量晕粒子数密度和扩散率：用单束和碰撞，并且在Tevatron的情况下，用空心电子透镜作用于聚束的子集。大型强子对撞机恢复运行后，计划将测量的扩散率与已知的横向阻尼器激励强度进行比较。本文还简要讨论了非破坏性晕粒子数密度测量的新建议。
英文摘要：
Halo dynamics influences global accelerator performance: beam lifetimes, emittance growth, dynamic aperture, and collimation efficiency. Halo monitoring and control are also critical for the operation of high-power machines. For instance, in the high-luminosity upgrade of the LHC, the energy stored in the beam tails may reach several megajoules. Fast losses can result in superconducting magnet quenches, magnet damage, or even collimator deformation. The need arises to measure the beam halo and to remove it at controllable rates. In the Tevatron and in the LHC, halo population densities and diffusivities were measured with collimator scans by observing the time evolution of losses following small inward or outward collimator steps, under different experimental conditions: with single beams and in collision, and, in the case of the Tevatron, with a hollow electron lens acting on a subset of bunches. After the LHC resumes operations, it is planned to compare measured diffusivities with the known strength of transverse damper excitations. New proposals for nondestructive halo population density measurements are also briefly discussed.
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