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arXiv 1306.5276astro-ph.GA
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J激波产生的星际H $_2$ O脉泽

Interstellar H$_2$O Masers from J Shocks

David Hollenbach, Moshe Elitzur, Christopher F. McKee

摘要:

我们提出了一个模型,在恒星形成区观察到的22 GHz H $_2$ O脉泽发生在致密区(震前密度$n_0 \sim 10^6 - 10^8$ cm $^{-3}$)传播的激波后面。我们专注于高速($v_s > 30$ km s $^{-1}$)解离J冲击,其中H $_2$重新形成的热量保持了一个大柱的$\sim 300-400$ K气体,在这些温度下的化学驱动相当大一部分的氧气不是在CO中形成H $_2$ O。H $_2$ O柱密度、氢密度和由这些激波产生的温暖温度足够高,能够产生强大的脉泽作用。观测到的亮度温度(通常是$\sim 10^{11} - 10^{14}$ K)是激波平面内相干速度区的结果,这些相干速度区的尺寸是$\sim 10^{13}$ cm激波厚度的10到100倍。因此,脉泽被射向观察者,观察者通常从“侧面”或垂直于激波速度观察激波;最亮的脉泽则以相对于周围气体的最低视线速度被观察到。我们给出了脉泽反转、由此产生的亮度温度、脉泽光斑的大小和形状、各向同性亮度以及脉泽区磁场与激波参数和相干路径长度的关系的数值和解析研究;总的结果是,在银河系H $_2$ O 22 GHz脉泽中,这些观测参数可以在具有$n_0\sim 10^6 - 10^8$ cm $^{-3}$和$v_s \sim 30 -200$ km s的J激波中产生$^{-1}$。一些关键的观测量,如脉泽形状,亮度温度,和全球各向同性的光度只取决于粒子通量到冲击波,$j=n_0v_s$,而不是在$n_0$和$v_s$分开。

英文摘要:

We present a model in which the 22 GHz H$_2$O masers observed in star-forming regions occur behind shocks propagating in dense regions (preshock density $n_0 \sim 10^6 - 10^8$ cm$^{-3}$). We focus on high-velocity ($v_s > 30$ km s$^{-1}$) dissociative J shocks in which the heat of H$_2$ re-formation maintains a large column of $\sim 300-400$ K gas; at these temperatures the chemistry drives a considerable fraction of the oxygen not in CO to form H$_2$O. The H$_2$O column densities, the hydrogen densities, and the warm temperatures produced by these shocks are sufficiently high to enable powerful maser action. The observed brightness temperatures (generally $\sim 10^{11} - 10^{14}$ K) are the result of coherent velocity regions that have dimensions in the shock plane that are 10 to 100 times the shock thickness of $\sim 10^{13}$ cm. The masers are therefore beamed towards the observer, who typically views the shock "edge-on", or perpendicular to the shock velocity; the brightest masers are then observed with the lowest line of sight velocities with respect to the ambient gas. We present numerical and analytic studies of the dependence of the maser inversion, the resultant brightness temperature, the maser spot size and shape, the isotropic luminosity, and the maser region magnetic field on the shock parameters and the coherence path length; the overall result is that in galactic H$_2$O 22 GHz masers these observed parameters can be produced in J shocks with $n_0\sim 10^6 - 10^8$ cm$^{-3}$ and $v_s \sim 30 -200$ km s$^{-1}$. A number of key observables such as maser shape, brightness temperature, and global isotropic luminosity depend only on the particle flux into the shock, $j=n_0v_s$, rather than on $n_0$ and $v_s$ separately.

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