It has been built a strict mathematical model of the thermodynamic equilibrium's establishment in the originally nonequilibrium cosmological ultrarelativistic plasma for the arbitrary accelerated Universe under the assumption that scaling of interactions of elementary particles is restored at energies above the unitary limit. It is shown, that in case of Universe positive acceleration, thermodynamic equilibrium never can be completely restored.
Results of numerical simulation constructed before strict mathematical model of an establishment of thermodynamic equilibrium in originally nonequilibrium cosmological ultrarelativistic plasma for the Universe with any acceleration in the assumption of restoration of a scalling of interactions of elementary particles are presented at energies above a unitary limit. Limiting parametres of residual nonequilibrium distribution of nonequilibrium relic particles of ultrahigh energies are found.
In this article there are considered non-equilibrium cosmological scenarios with the assumption that scaling of particles interaction is restored in range of extra-high energies. On basis of energy-balance equation's exact solutions it is obtained the strong conclusion about fundamental unattainability of local thermodynamic equilibrium in the accelerated Universe. There are presented the results of numerical simulation of previously constructed strict mathematical model which describes thermodynamic equilibrium's establishment in the originally nonequilibrium cosmological ultrarelativistic pl…
We address the problem of thermodynamic equilibrium with constant acceleration along the velocity field lines in a quantum relativistic statistical mechanics framework. We show that for a free scalar quantum field, after vacuum subtraction, all mean values vanish when the local temperature T is as low as the Unruh temperature T_U = A/2πwhere A is the magnitude of the acceleration four-vector. We argue that the Unruh temperature is an absolute lower bound for the temperature of any accelerated fluid at global thermodynamic equilibrium. We discuss the conditions of this bound to be applicable in…
We show that the stress-energy tensor has additional terms with respect to the ideal form in states of global thermodynamic equilibrium in flat spacetime with non-vanishing acceleration and vorticity. These corrections are of quantum origin and their leading terms are second order in the gradients of the thermodynamic fields. Their relevant coefficients can be expressed in terms of correlators of the stress-energy tensor operator and the generators of the Lorentz group. With respect to previous assessments, we find that there are more second order coefficients and that all thermodynamic functi…
It has been researched the kinetics of the thermal equilibrium's establishment in an early Universe under the assumption of the recovery of interaction scaling of elementary particles in range of superhigh energies. The case of the thermal equilibrium's weak initial violation and basic cosmological consequences of the thermal equilibrium's violation have been researched.
We consider the class of metrics that can be obtained from those of nonextreme black holes by limiting transitions to the extreme state such that the near-horizon geometry expands into a whole manifold. These metrics include, in particular, the Rindler and Bertotti - Robinson spacetimes. The general formula for the entropy of massless radiation valid either for black-hole or for acceleration horizons is derived. It is argued that, as a black hole horizon in the limit under consideration turns into an acceleration one, the thermodynamic entropy $S_{q}$ of quantum radiation is due to the Unruh e…
It is a known result by Jacobson that the flux of energy-matter through a local Rindler horizon is related with the expansion of the null generators in a way that mirrors the first law of thermodynamics. We extend such a result to a timelike screen of observers with finite acceleration. Since timelike curves have more freedom than null geodesics, the construction is more involved than Jacobson's and few geometrical constraints need to be imposed: the observers' acceleration has to be constant in time and everywhere orthogonal to the screen. Moreover, at any given time, the extrinsic curvature …
The paper deals with the mechanism of particle creation in the framework of irreversible thermodynamics. The second order non-equilibrium thermodynamical prescription of Israel and Stewart has been presented with particle creation rate, treated as the dissipative effect. In the background of a flat FRW model, we assume the non-equilibrium thermodynamical process to be isentropic so that the entropy per particle does not change and consequently the dissipative pressure can be expressed linearly in terms of the particle creation rate. Here the dissipative pressure behaves as a dynamical variable…
A new cosmic scenario with gravitationally induced particle creation is proposed. In this model the Universe evolves from an early to a late time de Sitter era, with the recent accelerating phase driven only by the negative creation pressure associated with the cold dark matter component. The model can be interpreted as an attempt to reduce the so-called cosmic sector (dark matter plus dark energy) and relate the two cosmic accelerating phases (early and late time de Sitter expansions). A detailed thermodynamic analysis including possible quantum corrections is also carried out. For a very wid…
Entropic-force cosmology provides, in contrast with dark energy descriptions, a concrete physical understanding of the accelerated expansion of the universe. The acceleration appears to be a consequence of the entropy associated with the information storage in the universe. Since these cosmological models are unable of explaining the different periods of acceleration and deceleration unless a correction term is considered, we study the effects of including a subdominant power-law term within a thermodynamically admissible entropic-force model. The temperature of the universe horizon is obtaine…
The present work deals with a cosmological model having particle creation mechanism in the framework of irreversible thermodynamics. In the second order non-equilibrium thermodynamical prescription, the particle creation rate is treated as the dissipative effect. The non-equilibrium thermodynamical process is assumed to be isentropic, and, as a consequence, the entropy per particle is constant, and, hence, the dissipative pressure can be expressed linearly in terms of the particle creation rate in the background of the homogeneous and isotropic flat FLRW model. By proper choice of the particle…
We discuss the emergence of relativistic effects in the Machian universe with a global preferred frame and use thermodynamic considerations to clarify the origin of gravity as an entropic force and the origin of dark energy/cosmic acceleration as related to the Hawking-Unruh temperature at the universe's horizon.
Researches in the several decades have shown that the dynamics of gravity is closely related to thermodynamics of the horizon. In this paper, we derive the Friedmann acceleration equation based on the idea of "emergence of space" and thermodynamics of the Hubble horizon whose temperature is obtained from the unified first law of thermodynamics. Then we derive another evolution equation of the universe based on the energy balance relation $ρV_{H}=TS$. Combining the two evolution equations and the equation of state of the cosmic matter, we obtain the evolution solutions of the FRW universe. We f…
We show that there is a correspondence between cosmology from non-extensive thermodynamics and cosmology with fluids of redefined and generalized equation of state. We first establish the correspondence in the case of basic non-extensive thermodynamics, and then we proceed by investigating the more consistent case, from the quantum field theoretical point of view, of varying exponent, namely depending on the scale. The obtained duality provides a way of explaining the complicated phenomenological forms of the effective fluid equation-of-state parameters that are being broadly used in the liter…
We consider an extended scalar-tensor theory of gravity where the action has two interacting scalar fields, a Brans-Dicke field which makes the effective Newtonian constant a function of coordinates and a Higgs field which has derivative and non-derivative interaction with the lagrangian. There is a non-trivial interaction between the two scalar fields which dictates the dominance of different scalar fields in different era. We investigate if this setup can describe a late-time cosmic acceleration preceded by a smooth transition from deceleration in recent past. From a cosmological reconstruct…
Within the thermodynamic model of gravity the dark energy is identified with the energy of collective gravitational interactions of all particles in the universe, which is missing in the standard treatments. For the model-universe we estimate the radiation, baryon and dark energy densities and obtain the values which are close to the current observations. It is shown that total gravitational potential of a particle from the world ensemble is a scale dependent quantity and its value is twice of Newtonian potential. The Einstein-Infeld-Hoffmann approximation to general relativity was used to sho…
We investigate the generalized second law (GSL) of thermodynamics in the framework of $f(R)$-gravity. We consider a FRW universe filled only with ordinary matter enclosed by the dynamical apparent horizon with the Hawking temperature. For a viable modified gravity model as $f(R)=R-α/R+βR^{2}$, we examine the validity of the GSL during the early inflation and late acceleration eras. Our results show that for the selected $f(R)$-gravity model minimally coupled with matter, the GSL in the early inflation epoch is satisfied only for the special range of the equation of state parameter of the matte…
Gravity from equilibrium thermodynamics of stretched light cones
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin（柏林洪堡大学）；Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut)（马克斯·普朗克引力物理研究所（阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦研究所））；Universidad Complutense de Madrid（马德里康普顿斯大学）；Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies（都柏林高等研究院）
We solve for a system that emits acceleration radiation at two different temperatures. The equilibrium states occur asymptotically in Planck distributions and transition non-thermally. The model is simple enough to obtain a global solution for the radiation spectrum analytically. We present it as a potentially useful model for investigation of non-thermal vacuum acceleration radiation in the presence of final(initial) asymptotic thermodynamic horizon(less) states in equilibrium.
We calculate the constitutive equations of the stress-energy tensor and the currents of the free massless Dirac field at thermodynamic equilibrium with acceleration and rotation and a conserved axial charge by using the density operator approach. We carry out an expansion in thermal vorticity to the second order with finite axial chemical potential $μ_A$. The obtained coefficients of the expansion are expressed as correlators of angular momenta and boost operators with the currents. We confirm previous observations that the axial chemical potential induces non-vanishing components of the stres…
It is argued that the discovery of cosmic acceleration could have been anticipated on thermodynamic grounds, namely, the generalized second law and the approach to equilibrium at large scale factor. Therefore, the existence of dark energy -or equivalently, some modified gravity theory- should have been expected. In general, cosmological models that satisfy the above criteria show compatibility with observational data.
Recently, the vacuum energy of the QCD ghost in a time-dependent background is proposed as a kind of dark energy candidate to explain the acceleration of the Universe. In this model, the energy density of the dark energy is proportional to the Hubble parameter $H$, which is the Hawking temperature on the Hubble horizon of the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) Universe. In this paper, we generalized this model and choice the Hawking temperature on the so-called trapping horizon, which will coincides with the Hubble temperature in the context of flat FRW Universe dominated by the dark energy comp…
In this work we focus on the gravitationally influenced adiabatic particle creation process, a mechanism that does not need any dark energy or modified gravity models to explain the current accelerating phase of the universe. Introducing some particle creation models that generalize some previous models in the literature, we constrain the cosmological scenarios using the latest compilation of the Type Ia Supernovae data only, the first indicator of the accelerating universe. Aside from the observational constraints on the models, we examine the models using two model independent diagnoses, nam…
Cosmological constant problem (in its various versions) is arguably the deepest gap in our understanding of theoretical physics, the solution to which may very likely require revisiting the Einstein theory of gravity. In this letter, I argue that the simplest consistent way to decouple gravity from the vacuum energy (and hence solve the problem) is through the introduction of an incompressible gravitational aether fluid. The theory then predicts that gravitational constant for radiation is 33% larger than that of non-relativistic matter, which is preferred by most cosmological observations (wi…
We consider a cosmological model dominated by bulk viscous matter with total bulk viscosity coefficient proportional to the velocity and acceleration of the expansion of the universe in such a way that $ζ=ζ_{0}+ζ_{1}\frac{\dot{a}}{a}+ζ_{2}\frac{\ddot{a}}{\dot{a}}.$ We show that there exist two limiting conditions in the bulk viscous coefficients, ($ζ_{0}$, $ζ_{1}$, $ζ_{2}$) which corresponds to a universe having a Big-Bang at the origin, followed by an early decelerated epoch and then making a smooth transition into an accelerating epoch. We have constrained the model using the type Ia Superno…
We present a novel mechanism for the present acceleration of the universe. We find that the temperature of the Unruh radiation perceived by the brane is not equal to the inherent temperature (Hawking temperature at the apparent horizon) of the brane universe in the frame of Dvali-Gabadadze-Porrati (DGP) braneworld model. The Unruh radiation perceived by a dust dominated brane is always warmer than the brane measured by the geometric temperature, which naturally induces an energy flow between bulk and brane based on the most sound thermodynamics principles. Through a thorough investigation to t…
We perform a qualitative and thermodynamic study of two models when one takes into account adiabatic particle production. In the first one, there is a constant particle production rate, which leads to solutions depicting the current cosmic acceleration but without inflation. The other one has solutions that unify the early and late time acceleration. These solutions converge asymptotically to the thermal equilibrium.
We study thermodynamics of cosmological models in the Horava-Lifshitz theory of gravity, and systematically investigate the evolution of the universe filled with a perfect fluid that has the equation of state $p=wρ$, where $p$ and $ρ$ denote, respectively, the pressure and energy density of the fluid, and $w$ is an arbitrary real constant. Depending on specific values of the free parameters involved in the models, we classify all of them into various cases. In each case the main properties of the evolution are studied in detail, including the periods of deceleration and/or acceleration, and th…
Recently, we have investigated the dynamics of the universe in tachyon cosmology with non-minimal coupling to matter \cite{faraj}-\cite{faraj3}. In particular, for the interacting holographic dark energy (IHDE), the model is studied in \cite{Ravanpak}. In the current work, a significant observational program has been conducted to unveil the model's thermodynamic properties. Our result shows that the IHDE version of our model better fits the observational data than $Λ$CDM model. The first and generalized second thermodynamics laws for the universe enveloped by cosmological apparent and event ho…
We determine the energy-momentum tensor of non-perfect fluids in thermodynamic equilibrium. To this end, we derive the constitutive equations for energy density, isotropic and anisotropic pressure as well as for heat-flux from the corresponding propagation equations and by drawing on Einstein's equations. Following Obukhov at this, we assume the corresponding space-times to be conform-stationary and homogeneous. This procedure provides these quantities in closed form, i.e., in terms of the structure constants of the three-dimensional isometry group of homogeneity and, respectively, in terms of…
We derive the general exact forms of the Wigner function, of mean values of conserved currents, of the spin density matrix, of the spin polarization vector and of the distribution function of massless particles for the free Dirac field at global thermodynamic equilibrium with rotation and acceleration, extending our previous results obtained for the scalar field. The solutions are obtained by means of an iterative method and analytic continuation, which leads to formal series in thermal vorticity. In order to obtain finite values, we extend to the fermionic case the method of analytic distilla…
The paper deals with non-equilibrium thermodynamics based on adiabatic particle creation mechanism with the motivation of considering it as an alternative choice to explain the recent observed accelerating phase of the universe. Using Friedmann equations, it is shown that the deceleration parameter ($q$) can be obtained from the knowledge of the particle production rate ($Γ$). Motivated from thermodynamical point of view, cosmological solutions are evaluated for the particle creation rates in three cosmic phases, namely, inflation, matter dominated and present late time acceleration. The decel…
A model of the Universe as a mixture of a scalar (inflaton or rolling tachyon from the string theory) and a matter field (classical particles) is analyzed. The particles are created at the expense of the gravitational energy through an irreversible process whereas the scalar field is supposed to interact only with itself and to be minimally coupled with the gravitational field. The irreversible processes of particle creation are related to the non-equilibrium pressure within the framework of the extended (causal or second-order) thermodynamic theory. The scalar field (inflaton or tachyon) is d…
We investigate the thermodynamical and causal consistency of cosmological models of the cubic Quasi-Topological Gravity (QTG) in four dimensions, as well as their phenomenological consequences. Specific restrictions on the maximal values of the matter densities are derived by requiring the apparent horizon's entropy to be a non-negative, non-decreasing function of time. The QTG counterpart of the Einstein-Hilbert (EH) gravity model of linear equation of state is studied in detail. An important feature of this particular QTG cosmological model is the new early-time acceleration period of the ev…
It has previously been shown that the Einstein equation can be derived from the requirement that the Clausius relation dS = dQ/T hold for all local acceleration horizons through each spacetime point, where dS is one quarter the horizon area change in Planck units, and dQ and T are the energy flux across the horizon and Unruh temperature seen by an accelerating observer just inside the horizon. Here we show that a curvature correction to the entropy that is polynomial in the Ricci scalar requires a non-equilibrium treatment. The corresponding field equation is derived from the entropy balance r…
The study of particle creation phenomena at the expense of the gravitational field is of great research interest. It might solve the cosmological puzzle single-handedly, without the need for either dark energy or the modified theory of gravity. In the early universe, following graceful exit from inflationary phase, it serves the purpose of reheating the cold universe, which gave way to the hot Big-Bang model. In the late universe, it led to late time cosmic acceleration, without affecting stand-ard Big-Bang-Nucleosynthesis (BBN), Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR), or Structure Forma…
Braneworld models with variable brane tension $λ$ introduce a new degree of freedom that allows for evolving gravitational and cosmological constants, the latter being a natural candidate for dark energy. We consider a thermodynamic interpretation of the varying brane tension models, by showing that the field equations with variable $λ$ can be interpreted as describing matter creation in a cosmological framework. The particle creation rate is determined by the variation rate of the brane tension, as well as by the brane-bulk energy-matter transfer rate. We investigate the effect of a variable …
A power-law corrected entropy based on a quantum entanglement is considered to be a viable black-hole entropy. In this study, as an alternative to Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, a power-law corrected entropy is applied to Padmanabhan's holographic equipartition law to thermodynamically examine an extra driving term in the cosmological equations for a flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universe at late times. Deviations from the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy generate an extra driving term (proportional to the $α$-th power of the Hubble parameter, where $α$ is a dimensionless constant for the power-law c…
