The observation of the neutrinoless double beta decay may provide essential information on the nature of neutrinos. Among the current experimental approaches, a high pressure gaseous TPC is an attractive option for the search of double beta decay due to its good energy resolution and the detailed topological information of each event. We present in this talk a detailed study of the ionization topology of the 136Xe double beta decay events in a High Pressure Xenon TPC, as well as that of the typical competing backgrounds. We define some observables based on graph theory concepts to develop automated discrimination algorithms. Our criteria are able to reduce the background level by about three orders of magnitude in the region of interest of the 136Xe Qbb for a signal acceptance of 40%. This result provides a quantitative assessment of the benefit of topological information offered by gaseous TPCs for double beta decay search, and proves that it is a promising feature in view of future experiments in the field. Possible ideas for further improvement in the discrimination algorithms and the dependency of these results with the gas diffusion and readout granularity will be also discussed.
This article reviews the application of high pressure gas xenon (HPXe) time projection chambers to neutrinoless double beta decay experiments. First, the fundamentals of the technology and the historical development of the field are discussed. Then, the state of the art is presented, including the prospects for the next generation of experiments with masses in the ton scale.
Xenon time projection chambers (TPCs) have become a well-established detection technology for neutrinoless double beta decay searches in $^{136}$Xe. I discuss the motivations for this choice. I describe the status and prospects of both liquid and gaseous xenon TPC projects for double beta decay.
The neutralization of slow positive ions on solid surfaces can lead to the emission of secondary electrons in Auger-type processes. We discuss the possibility of harnessing such mechanisms to the detection of positive ions in gaseous TPCs. Applied to high pressure xenon, the proposed idea may enable reconstructing with high accuracy the topology of candidate neutrinoless double beta decay events of Xe-136 without sacrificing the energy resolution of pure Xe gas. Candidate secondary electron emitters are discussed, as well as the expected efficiencies, challenges and potential pitfalls.
The T2K near-detector, ND280, employs three large argon gas TPCs (Time Projection Chambers) for particle tracking and identification. The gas inside the TPCs can be used as an active target to study the neutrino interactions in great detail. The low density of the gas leads to very low track energy thresholds, allowing the reconstruction of very low momentum tracks, e.g. protons with kinetic energies down to $\mathcal{O}$(1 MeV). Since different nuclear interaction models vary considerably in their predictions of those low momentum track multiplicities, this makes neutrino interactions on gase…
There are several proposals and projects today for building LXe Time Projection Chambers (TPCs) for dark matter search. An important element of these TPCs are the photomultipliers operating either inside LXe or in vapors above the liquid. We have recently demonstrated that photosensitive gaseous detectors (wire type and hole-type) can operate perfectly well until temperatures of LN2. In this paper results of systematic studies of operation of the photosensitive version of these detectors (combined with reflective or semi-transparent CsI photocathodes) in the temperature interval of 300-150 K a…
We present a systematic study of the time and band-resolved scintillation in xenon-based time projection chambers (TPCs), performed simultaneously for the primary (S1) and secondary (S2) components in a small, purity-controlled, setup. We explore a range of conditions of general academic interest, focusing on those of relevance to contemporary TPCs: pressure range ([1- 10] bar), pressure-reduced electric fields ([0-100] V/cm/bar in the drift region (S1) and up to the proportional scintillation regime in the multiplication region (S2)), wavelength-band ([145-250], [250-400], [400-600] nm), and …
Particle tracks and differential energy loss measured in high pressure gaseous detectors can be exploited for event identification in neutrinoless double beta decay~($0νββ$) searches. We develop a new method based on Kalman Filter in a Bayesian formalism (KFB) to reconstruct meandering tracks of MeV-scale electrons. With simulation data, we compare the signal and background discrimination power of the KFB method assuming different detector granularities and energy resolutions. Typical background from $^{232}$Th and $^{238}$U decay chains can be suppressed by another order of magnitude than tha…
Gaseous time projection chambers (TPCs) with high readout segmentation are capable of reconstructing detailed 3D ionization distributions of nuclear recoils resulting from elastic neutron scattering. Using a system of six compact TPCs with pixel ASIC readout, filled with a 70:30 mixture of He:CO$_2$ gas, we analyze the first directional measurements of beam-induced neutron backgrounds in the tunnel regions surrounding the Belle II detector at the SuperKEKB $e^+e^-$ collider. With the use of 3D recoil tracking, we show that these TPCs are capable of maintaining nearly $100\%$ nuclear recoil pur…
NEXT (Neutrino Experiment with a Xenon TPC) is an experimental program whose goals are to discover neutrinoless double beta decay using $^{136}$Xe in high pressure xenon TPCs with electroluminescent readout. In this paper, results from the NEXT-White detector, which is currently taking data at Laboratorio Subterráneo de Canfranc (LSC) will be reported. The prospects for the NEXT-100 apparatus, scheduled to start operations in 2020, as well as the plans to extend the technology to large and ultra-low background detectors needed to fully explore the inverse hierarchy of neutrino masses, will als…
As part of the T-REX project, a number of R&D and prototyping activities have been carried out during the last years to explore the applicability of Micromegas-read gaseous TPCs in rare event searches like double beta decay (DBD), axion research and low-mass WIMP searches. While in the companion paper we focus on DBD, in this paper we focus on the results regarding the search for dark matter candidates, both axions and WIMPs. Small ultra-low background Micromegas detectors are used to image the x-ray signal expected in axion helioscopes like CAST at CERN. Background levels as low as $0.8\times…
The PandaX-III (Particle And Astrophysical Xenon Experiment III) experiment will search for Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay (NLDBD) of 136Xe at the China Jin-Ping underground Laboratory II (CJPL-II). In the first phase of the experiment, a high pressure gas Time Projection Chamber (TPC) will contain 200 kg, 90% 136Xe enriched gas operated at 10 bar. Microbulk Micromegas, a fine pitch micro-pattern gas detector, will be used for charge readout and enable us to reconstruct tracks of NLDBD events with good energy and spatial resolution. With simulation, we demonstrate excellent background suppress…
We have developed a dedicated front-end-electronics board for a high-pressure xenon gas time projection chamber for a neutrinoless double-beta decay search. The ionization signal is readout by detecting electroluminescence photons with SiPM's. The board readout the signal from 56~SiPM's through the DC-coupling and record the waveforms at 5 MS/s with a wide dynamic range up to 7,000 photons/200 ns. The SiPM bias voltages are provided by the board and can be adjusted for each SiPM. In order to calibrate and monitor the SiPM gain, additional auxiliary ADC measures 1 photon-equivalent dark current…
Liquid Xe TPCs are among the most popular choices for double beta decay and WIMP dark matter searches. Gaseous Xe has intrinsic advantages when compared to Liquid Xe, specifically, tracking capability and better energy resolution for double beta decay searches. The performance of gaseous Xe can be further improved by molecular additives such as trimethylamine(TMA), which are expected to (1) cool down the ionization electrons, (2) convert Xe excitation energy to TMA ionizations through Penning transfer, and (3) produce scintillation and electroluminescence light in a more easily detectable wave…
The gaseous Xenon(Xe) time projection chamber (TPC) is an attractive detector technique for neutrinoless double beta decay and WIMP dark matter searches. While it is less dense compared to Liquid Xe detectors, it has intrinsic advantages in tracking capability and better energy resolution. The performance of gaseous Xe can be further improved by molecular additives such as trimethylamine(TMA), which is expected to (1) cool down the ionization electrons, (2) convert Xe excitation energy to TMA ionizations through Penning transfer, and (3) produce scintillation and electroluminescence light in a…
Gaseous detectors have long been used by particle physics experiments at beamlines or standalone experiments. Recently, their low momentum threshold has made them interesting as active targets for long baseline neutrino experiments. To increase statistics, but retain a low momentum threshold, pressurized Time Projection Chambers have been proposed. The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment considers building one as part of their near detector complex. Gas Monitoring Chambers are mini TPCs that are designed to measure gas properties. Such a system with the capability of testing common and new dr…
We propose a novel charge sensing concept for high-pressure Time Projection Chamber (TPC) to search for Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay (NLDBD) with ton-scale isotope mass and beyond. A meter-sized plane, tiled with an array of CMOS integrated sensors called Topmetal that directly collect charge without gas avalanche gain, is to be deployed into a high-pressure gaseous TPC with working gases containing suitable NLDBD candidate isotopes such as Xe-136 and Se-82. The Topmetal sensor has an electronic noise <30 e- per pixel, which allows the detector to reach <1% FWHM energy resolution at the NLDB…
As part of the T-REX project, a number of R&D and prototyping activities have been carried out during the last years to explore the applicability of gaseous Micromegas-read TPCs in rare event searches like double beta decay (DBD), axion research and low-mass WIMP searches. In both this and its companion paper, we compile the main results of the project and give an outlook of application prospects for this detection technique. While in the companion paper we focus on axions and WIMPs, in this paper we focus on the results regarding the measurement of the DBD of $^{136}$Xe in a high pressure Xe …
KATRIN is a very large scale tritium-beta-decay experiment to determine the mass of the neutrino. It is presently under construction at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology north campus, and makes use of the Karlsruhe Tritium Laboratory built as a prototype for the ITER project. The combination of a large retarding-potential electrostatic-magnetic spectrometer and an intense gaseous molecular tritium source makes possible a sensitivity to neutrino mass of 0.2 eV, about an order of magnitude below present laboratory limits. The measurement is kinematic and independent of whether the neutrino i…
High pressure gas detectors offer advantages for the detection of rare events, where background reduction is crucial. For the neutrinoless double beta decay of 136Xe a high pressure xenon gas Time Projection Chamber (TPC) combines a good energy resolution and a detailed topological information of each event. The ionization topology of the double beta decay event of 136Xe in gaseous xenon has a characteristic shape defined by the two straggling electron tracks ending up in two higher ionization charge density blobs. With a properly pixelized readout, this topological information is invaluable t…
In the search for the neutrinoless double beta decay of $^{136}$Xe, a high pressure xenon time projection chamber (HPXe-TPC) has two advantages over liquid xenon TPCs: a better energy resolution and the access to topological features, which may provide extra discrimination from background events. The PandaX-III experiment has recently proposed a 200 kg HPXe-TPC based on Micromegas readout planes, to be located at the Jinping Underground Laboratory in China. Its detection concept is based on two results obtained within the T-REX project: Micromegas readouts can be built with extremely low level…
A negative ion micro time projection chamber (NI$μ$TPC) was developed and its performance studied. An NI$μ$TPC is a novel technology that enables the measurement of absolute $z$ coordinates for self-triggering TPCs. This technology provides full-fiducialization analysis, which is not possible with conventional gaseous TPCs, and is useful for directional dark matter searches in terms of background rejection and the improvement of the angular resolution. The developed NI$μ$TPC prototype had a detection volume of 12.8 $\times$ 25.6 $\times$ 144 mm$^{3}$. The absolute $z$ coordinate was determined…
Within the framework of xenon-based double beta decay experiments, we propose the possibility to improve the background rejection of an electroluminescent Time Projection Chamber (EL TPC) by reducing the diffusion of the drifting electrons while keeping nearly intact the energy resolution of a pure xenon EL TPC. Based on state-of-the-art microscopic simulations, a substantial addition of helium, around 10 or 15~\%, may reduce drastically the transverse diffusion down to 2.5~mm/$\sqrt{\mathrm{m}}$ from the 10.5~mm/$\sqrt{\mathrm{m}}$ of pure xenon. The longitudinal diffusion remains around 4~mm…
We have measured the electroluminescence (EL) yield of Xe-CO2 mixtures, with sub-percent CO2 concentrations. We demonstrate that the EL production is still high in these mixtures, 70% and 35% relative to that produced in pure xenon, for CO2 concentrations around 0.05% and 0.1%, respectively. The contribution of the statistical fluctuations in EL production to the energy resolution increases with increasing CO2 concentration and, for our gas proportional scintillation counter, it is smaller than the contribution of the Fano factor for concentrations below 0.1% CO2. Xe-CO2 mixtures are important…
The Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment will measure the absolute mass scale of neutrinos with a sensitivity of $\m_ν$ = 200 meV/c$^2$ by high-precision spectroscopy close to the tritium beta-decay endpoint at 18.6 keV. Its Windowless Gaseous Tritium Source (WGTS) is a beta-decay source of high intensity ($10^{11}$/s) and stability, where high-purity molecular tritium at 30 K is circulated in a closed loop with a yearly throughput of 10 kg. To limit systematic effects the column density of the source has to be stabilised at the 0.1% level. This requires extensive sensor instrumentat…
Low radioactive material screening is becoming essential for rare event search experiments, such as neutrinoless double beta decay and dark matter searches in underground laboratories. A gaseous time projection chamber (TPC) can be used for such purposes with large active areas and high efficiency. A gaseous TPC with a Micromegas readout plane of approximately 20$\times$20 cm$^2$ is successfully constructed for surface alpha contamination measurements. We have characterized the energy resolution, gain stability, and tracking capability with calibration sources. With the unique track-related ba…
Several efforts are ongoing for the development of spherical gaseous time projection chamber detectors for the observation of rare phenomena such as weakly interacting massive particles or neutrino interactions. The proposed detector, thanks to its simplicity, low energy threshold and energy resolution, could be used to observe the $β\beta0ν$ process i.e. the neutrinoless double beta decay. In this work, a specific setup is presented for the measurement of $β\beta0ν$ on 50~kg of $^{136}$Xe. The different backgrounds are studied, demonstrating the possibility to reach a total background per yea…
Double beta $ββ$ decay experiments are one of the most active research topics in Neutrino Physics. The measurement of the neutrinoless mode $0νββ$ could give unique information on the neutrino mass scale and nature. The current generation of experiments aims at detector target masses at the 100 kg scale, while the next generation will need to go to the ton scale in order to completely explore the inverse hierarchy models of neutrino mass. Very good energy resolutions and ultra-low background levels are the two main experimental requirements for a successful experiment. The topological informat…
Material screening for identifying low-energy electron emitters and alpha-decaying isotopes is now a prerequisite for rare-event searches (e.g., dark-matter direct detection and neutrinoless double-beta decay) for which surface radiocontamination has become an increasingly important background. The BetaCage, a gaseous neon time-projection chamber, is a proposed ultra-sensitive (and nondestructive) screener for alpha- and beta-emitting surface contaminants to which existing screening facilities are insufficiently sensitive. Sensitivity goals are 0.1 betas per keV-m$^2$-day and 0.1 alphas per m$…
Large detectors employing xenon are a leading technology in existing and planned searches for new physics, including searches for neutrinoless double beta decay ($0νββ$) and dark matter. While upcoming detectors will employ target masses of a ton or more, further extending gas or liquid phase Xe detectors to the kton scale would enable extremely sensitive next-generation searches for rare phenomena. The key challenge to extending this technology to detectors well beyond the ton scale is the acquisition of the Xe itself. We describe the motivation for extending Xe time projection chambers (TPCs…
The PandaX-III experiment will search for neutrinoless double beta decay of $^{136}$Xe with high pressure gaseous time projection chambers at the China Jin-Ping underground Laboratory. The tracking feature of gaseous detectors helps suppress the background level, resulting in the improvement of the detection sensitivity. We study a method based on the convolutional neural networks to discriminate double beta decay signals against the background from high energy gammas generated by $^{214}$Bi and $^{208}$Tl decays based on detailed Monte Carlo simulation. Using the 2-dimensional projections of …
Searching for the Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay (NLDBD) is now regarded as the topmost promising technique to explore the nature of neutrinos after the discovery of neutrino masses in oscillation experiments. PandaX-III (Particle And Astrophysical Xenon Experiment III) will search for the NLDBD of $^{136}$Xe at the China Jin Ping underground Laboratory (CJPL). In the first phase of the experiment, a high pressure gas Time Projection Chamber (TPC) will contain 200 kg, 90% $^{136}$Xe enriched gas operated at 10 bar. Fine pitch micro-pattern gas detector (Microbulk Micromegas) will be used at bo…
NEXT (Neutrino Experiment with a Xenon TPC) is a neutrinoless double-beta (ββ0ν) decay experiment that will operate at the Canfranc Underground Laboratory (LSC). It is an electroluminescent high-pressure gaseous xenon Time Projection Chamber (TPC) with separate read-out planes for calorimetry and tracking. Energy resolution and background suppression are the two key features of any neutrinoless double beta decay experiment. NEXT has both good energy resolution (<1% FWHM) at the Q value of $^{136} $Xe and an extra handle for background identification provided by track reconstruction. With the b…
The Project 8 collaboration aims to measure the absolute neutrino mass scale using cyclotron radiation emission spectroscopy on the beta decay of tritium. The second phase of the project will measure a continuous spectrum of molecular tritium beta decays and extract the tritium endpoint value with an eV or sub-eV scale precision. Monoenergetic electrons emitted by gaseous $^{83\mathrm{m}}$Kr atoms are used to determine the relationship between cyclotron frequency and electron energy. This study allows us to optimize both the event reconstruction algorithm and the hardware configuration, in pre…
The SuperNEMO detector will search for neutrinoless double beta decay at the Modane Underground Laboratory on the French-Italian border. This decay mode, if observed, would be proof that the neutrino is its own antiparticle, would constitute evidence for total lepton number violation, and could allow a measurement of the absolute neutrino mass. The SuperNEMO experiment is designed to reach a half-life sensitivity of $10^{26}$ years corresponding to an effective Majorana neutrino mass of $50-100~$meV. The SuperNEMO detector design allows complete topological reconstruction of the double beta de…
A new detector is being developed at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) to measure low energy charged-particles from beta-delayed particle emission. These low energy particles are very important for nuclear astrophysics studies. The use of a gaseous system instead of a solid state detector decreases the sensitivity to betas while keeping high efficiency for higher mass charged particles like protons or alphas. This low sensitivity to betas minimizes their contribution to the background down to 150 keV. A detailed simulation tool based on \textsc{Geant4} has been developed…
In this work we present a systematic study of Micromegas detectors in high pressure gaseous Xenon using trimethylamine (TMA) as quencher gas. Gas gains and energy resolutions for 22.1 keV X-rays are measured for pressures between 1 and 10 bar and various relative concentrations of TMA from 0.3 % to 15 %. We observe stable operation at all pressures, and a strongly enhanced gas gain, suggestive of Penning-like energy-transfer processes. The effect is present at all pressures and it is strongest at TMA concentrations ranging from 1.5 % to 3 %. Operating in this concentration range, the maximum g…
We propose a novel detection concept for neutrinoless double-beta decay searches. This concept is based on a Time Projection Chamber (TPC) filled with high-pressure gaseous xenon, and with separated-function capabilities for calorimetry and tracking. Thanks to its excellent energy resolution, together with its powerful background rejection provided by the distinct double-beta decay topological signature, the design discussed in this Letter Of Intent promises to be competitive and possibly out-perform existing proposals for next-generation neutrinoless double-beta decay experiments. We discuss …
Design of a high voltage delivery system for noble liquid time projection chambers
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory（太平洋西北国家实验室）；TAE Technologies（TAE技术公司）；Stanford University（斯坦福大学）；Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory（劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室）；Canadian Nuclear Laboratories（加拿大核实验室）；Carleton University（卡尔顿大学）；SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory（SLAC国家加速器实验室）；University of Bern（伯尔尼大学）；ETH Zürich（苏黎世联邦理工学院）
Gaseous time projection chambers (TPC) are a very attractive detector technology for particle tracking. Characterization of both drift velocity and diffusion is of great importance to correctly assess their tracking capabilities. NEXT-White is a High Pressure Xenon gas TPC with electroluminescent amplification, a 1:2 scale model of the future NEXT-100 detector, which will be dedicated to neutrinoless double beta decay searches. NEXT-White has been operating at Canfranc Underground Laboratory (LSC) since December 2016. The drift parameters have been measured using $^{83m}$Kr for a range of redu…
We present an update on the development of techniques to adapt Single Molecule Fluorescent Imaging for the tagging of individual barium ions in high pressure xenon gas detectors, with the goal of realizing a background-free neutrinoless double beta decay technology. Previously reported progress is reviewed, including the recent demonstration of single barium dication sensitivity using SMFI. We then describe two important advances: 1) the development of a new class of custom barium sensing fluorescent dyes, which exhibit a significantly stronger response to barium than commercial calcium sensin…
Micromegas is a type of micro-pattern gaseous detector currently under R&D for applications in rare event search experiments. Here we report the performance of a Micromegas structure constructed with a micromesh thermo-bonded to a readout plane, motivated by its potential application in two-phase xenon detectors for dark matter and neutrinoless double beta decay experiments. The study is carried out in pure xenon at room temperature. Measurements with alpha particles from the Americium-241 source showed that gas gains larger than 200 can be obtained at xenon pressure up to 3 atm. Gamma rays do…
The Neutrino Experiment with a Xenon TPC (NEXT) searches for the neutrinoless double-beta decay of Xe-136 using high-pressure xenon gas TPCs with electroluminescent amplification. A scaled-up version of this technology with about 1 tonne of enriched xenon could reach in less than 5 years of operation a sensitivity to the half-life of neutrinoless double-beta decay decay better than 1E27 years, improving the current limits by at least one order of magnitude. This prediction is based on a well-understood background model dominated by radiogenic sources. The detector concept presented here repres…
The PandaX-III experiment plans to search for neutrinoless double beta decay (0$νββ$) of $^{136}$Xe in the China JinPing underground Laboratory (CJPL). The experiment will use a high pressure gaseous Time Projection Chamber (TPC) to register both the energy and the electron track topology of an event. This article is devoted to the software side of the experiment. As software tool we use REST, a framework developed for the reconstruction and simulation of TPC-based detector systems. We study the potential for background reduction by introducing appropiate parameters based on the properties of …
NEXT-100 experiment aims at searching the neutrinoless double-beta decay of the Xe-136 isotope using a TPC filled with a 100 kg of high-pressure gaseous xenon, with 90% isotopic enrichment. The experiment will take place at the Laboratorio Subterráneo de Canfranc (LSC), Spain. NEXT-100 uses electroluminescence (EL) technology for energy measurement with a resolution better than 1% FWHM. The gaseous xenon in the TPC additionally allows the tracks of the two beta particles to be recorded, which are expected to have a length of up to 30 cm at 10 bar pressure. The ability to record the topological…
High pressure xenon Time Projection Chambers (TPC) based on secondary scintillation (electroluminescence) signal amplification are being proposed for rare event detection such as directional dark matter, double electron capture and double beta decay detection. The discrimination of the rare event through the topological signature of primary ionisation trails is a major asset for this type of TPC when compared to single liquid or double-phase TPCs, limited mainly by the high electron diffusion in pure xenon. Helium admixtures with xenon can be an attractive solution to reduce the electron diffu…
The nature of the neutrino is one of the major open questions in experimental nuclear and particle physics. The most sensitive known method to establish the Majorana nature of the neutrino is detection of the ultra-rare process of neutrinoless double beta decay. However, identification of one or a handful of decay events within a large mass of candidate isotope, without obfuscation by backgrounds is a formidable experimental challenge. One hypothetical method for achieving ultra-low-background neutrinoless double beta decay sensitivity is the detection of single $^{136}$Ba ions produced in the…
The search for a novel technology able to detect and reconstruct nuclear and electron recoil events with the energy of a few keV has become more and more important now that large regions of high-mass dark matter (DM) candidates have been excluded. Moreover, a detector sensitive to incoming particle direction will be crucial in the case of DM discovery to open the possibility of studying its properties. Gaseous time projection chambers (TPC) with optical readout are very promising detectors combining the detailed event information provided by the TPC technique with the high sensitivity and gran…
The KATRIN experiment aims at a direct and model independent determination of the neutrino mass with 0.2 eV/c^2 sensitivity (at 90% C.L.) via a measurement of the endpoint region of the tritium beta-decay spectrum. The main components of the experiment are a windowless gaseous tritium source (WGTS), differential and cryogenic pumping sections and a tandem of a pre- and a main-spectrometer, applying the concept of magnetic adiabatic collimation with an electrostatic retardation potential to analyze the energy of beta decay electrons and to guide electrons passing the filter onto a segmented sil…
We present in this work measurements performed with a small Micromegas-TPC using a xenon-trimethylamine (Xe-TMA) Penning-mixture as filling gas. Measurements of gas gain and energy resolutions for 22.1 keV X-rays are presented, spanning several TMA concentrations and pressures between 1 and 10 bar. Across this pressure range, the best energy resolution and largest increase in gain at constant field (a standard figure for characterizing Penning-like energy transfers) is observed to be in the 1.5%-2.5% TMA region. A gain increase (at constant field) up to a factor 100 and a best energy resolutio…
Forecasting Source Stability in Scientific Experiments using Temporal Learning Models: A Case Study from Tritium Monitoring
Institute for Data Processing（数据处理研究所）；Schmalkalden University of Applied Sciences（施马尔卡尔登应用科学大学）；Technical University Munich（慕尼黑技术大学）；Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik（马克斯·普朗克核物理研究所）
