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arXiv 1303.4531astro-ph.CO
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一个测试宇宙学N体模拟准确性的玩具模型

A toy model to test the accuracy of cosmological N-body simulations

Francesco Sylos Labini

摘要:

孤立的过密度的演化是一个有用的玩具模型来测试宇宙学N体代码在非线性区域的准确性,因为它近似等于一个真正孤立的粒子云,具有相同的密度分布和速度分布,在非膨胀背景。只要系统尺寸小于模拟盒侧,则情况就是如此,因此可以忽略其与无限副本的交互。在这种情况下,过密度迅速发生整体坍缩,形成维里平衡的准定态。然而,通过用宇宙学代码(GADGET)演化系统足够长的时间,观察到与这种准平衡构型的明显偏离。这发生在时间t_{LI}中,该时间取决于模拟数值参数的值,例如软化长度和时间步进精度,即它是与有限的空间和时间分辨率相关的数值伪影。对Layzer-Irvine宇宙能量方程的分析证实,这种偏离对应于非物理动力学机制。通过改变模拟的数值参数和系统的物理参数,我们表明,非物理行为起源于严重集成的高速粒子的紧密散射。我们发现,虽然该结构可能仍然维里化的非物理制度,其密度和速度分布的修改相对于准平衡配置,收敛,但定义明确的形状,前者的特点是纳瓦罗弗伦克怀特型行为。

英文摘要:

The evolution of an isolated over-density represents a useful toy model to test the accuracy of a cosmological N-body code in the non linear regime as it is approximately equivalent to that of a truly isolated cloud of particles, with same density profile and velocity distribution, in a non expanding background. This is the case as long as the system size is smaller than the simulation box side, so that its interaction with the infinite copies can be neglected. In such a situation, the over-density rapidly undergoes to a global collapse forming a quasi stationary state in virial equilibrium. However, by evolving the system with a cosmological code (GADGET) for a sufficiently long time, a clear deviation from such quasi-equilibrium configuration is observed. This occurs in a time t_{LI} that depends on the values of the simulation numerical parameters such as the softening length and thetime-stepping accuracy, i.e. it is a numerical artifact related to the limited spatial and temporal resolutions. The analysis of the Layzer-Irvine cosmic energy equation, confirms that this deviation corresponds to an unphysical dynamical regime. By varying the numerical parameters of the simulation and the physical parameters of the system we show that the unphysical behaviour originates from badly integrated close scatterings of high velocity particles. We find that, while the structure may remain virialized in the unphysical regime, its density and velocity profiles are modified with respect to the quasi-equilibrium configurations, converging however to well defined shapes, the former characterised by a Navarro Frenk White-type behaviour.

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