We investigate number count statistics as measures for transition to homogeneity of the matter distribution in the Universe and analyse how such statistics might be `dressed' by the assumed survey selection function. Since the estimated survey selection function -- which ideally accounts for selection bias in the observed distribution -- is partially degenerate with the estimated underlying distribution of galaxies, the ability to identify the correct survey selection function is of importance for obtaining reliable estimates for clustering statistics. Selection functions of existing galaxy catalogues are modelled from data to resemble the redshift distribution and mean density of the observed galaxies. Proposed estimates of the selection function for upcoming surveys in addition use the angular distribution of galaxies to generate the angular selection function instead of using angular completeness estimates. We argue that such modelling of the selection function could potentially underestimate the deviance from homogeneity at scales probed by existing catalogues. We investigate the impact of conventionally applied methods for estimation of the survey selection function on number count in sphere statistics in a toy model setting. The example density distribution is asymptotically homogeneous, while non-linear density fluctuations are present regionally. We find that density oscillations with period comparable to characteristic scales of the survey are suppressed when conventional estimates of the survey selection function are invoked, resulting in number count statistics that are biased towards homogeneity. For our concrete toy model with maximum density contrasts of 1 and period of the density oscillation comparable in size to the survey radius, we find that the homogeneity scale is underestimated by ~40%, however this quantitative result is dependent on the model setup.
Testing homogeneity with galaxy number counts : light-cone metric and general low-redshift expansion for a central observer in a matter dominated isotropic universe without cosmological constant
Measurements of the Angular Homogeneity Scale from DESI DR1
Observatório Nacional(国家天文台);Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro(里约热内卢联邦农村大学);Zhejiang University(浙江大学);Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro(里约热内卢州立大学)
Testing cosmic homogeneity and isotropy using galaxy correlations
尽管它在宇宙学中具有根本的重要性,但很少有直接的宇宙学原理测试。由于普朗克合作小组最近观测到的宇宙微波背景中存在半球不对称性,这样的测试特别及时。迄今为止,大多数测试都着眼于宇宙学参数的红移依赖性。这些都受到大的系统性影响,需要建模和偏差校正。与以前的测试不同,这里描述的测试比较了相同红移z下等体积的星系分布。这允许直接测试,并且z依赖的偏差不是问题。使用SDSS DR 7巡天中的~10^6个星系,我证明了相隔~2 Gpc的空间区域具有相同的平均星系相关半径、振幅和数密度,其范围约为2 Gpc。5%,与标准模型预期一致。
我们表明,标准烛光可以提供一些有价值的信息的密度对比度,这可能是特别重要的红移,其他观测不可用。假设背景宇宙学参数是从大尺度观测中获得的,我们用反演方法从光度距离观测中重建局部径向密度分布。利用Ia型超新星、造父变星和普朗克任务的宇宙学参数,我们重建了沿天空两个不同方向的径向密度分布。我们将这些轮廓与从光度密度获得的其他密度图进行了比较,特别是Keenan et al. 2013和\TMPP星系目录。该方法独立地证实了不均匀性的存在,可能是特别有用的正确规范化密度图从星系调查相对于宇宙的平均密度,并可以澄清本地和大尺度估计的哈勃常数之间的明显差异。当获得更好的超新星观测数据时,重建密度分布的准确性将提高,并将允许进一步调查其大小超出星系调查范围的结构的存在。
Testing the cosmological principle on gigaparsec scales
School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-sen University(中山大学物理学院);CSST Science Center for the Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Greater Bay Area,Sun Yat-sen University(中山大学粤港澳大湾区空间站科学中心)
Accessing the homogeneity scale with 21 cm intensity mapping surveys
The University of Manchester(曼彻斯特大学);Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester(曼彻斯特大学物理与天文学系乔德雷尔银行天体物理学中心);Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais(国家空间研究所);Observatório Nacional(国家天文台)
CMASS galaxy sample and the ontological status of the cosmological principle
宇宙学原理(CP)是现代宇宙学的一个基本假设,它假定宇宙尺度下的背景几何是空间均匀的和各向同性的。最近对星系红移巡天的观测提供了相关的数据来对抗观测原理。我们提出了一个均匀性测试的物质分布使用BOSS DR 12 CMASS星系样本,澄清CP的本体论地位。作为一个同质性准则,我们比较观察到的数据与类似构造的随机分布,使用截锥方法中的计数。用同样的方法与三个理论结果进行了比较:(i)N体模拟的暗物质晕模拟星表,(ii)从理论物质功率谱得到的对数正态分布,和(iii)从理论功率谱直接估计。我们发现,所观察到的分布是统计上不可能的随机分布高达300 Mpc/h的半径,这是周围的最大的统计可用的规模。然而,与三个理论结果的比较表明,观察到的分布是一致的,这些理论推导的结果的基础上CP。我们发现,观测到的星系分布(光)和模拟的暗物质分布(物质)是相当不均匀的,即使在大尺度上。在这里,我们澄清,没有不一致的本体论地位的CP在宇宙学。在实践中,CP被应用于度规,并且度规涨落在所有宇宙尺度下都是极小的。这允许CP作为度量中的平均背景是有效的。然而,物质涨落与视界下尺度的度量涨落的小性质是解耦的。在爱因斯坦的引力理论中,与物质直接相关的是曲率,即度规的二次导数。
On the robustness of the angular homogeneity scale $θ_H$: a comparative analysis of computational approaches
Universidade do Porto(波尔图大学);Universidade de Lisboa(里斯本大学);University of the Western Cape(西开普敦大学);Université St Joseph(圣约瑟夫大学);Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES(法国图卢兹大学天体物理学与行星学研究所以及CNRS、UPS、CNES);Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto CAUP(波尔图大学CAUP空间科学与天体物理研究所);Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa(里斯本大学理学院空间科学与天体物理研究所);Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC(马德里自治大学-西班牙国家科学研究委员会理论物理研究所)